Hoffman kiln (inozivikanwa sehovhoni yemavhiri kuChina) imhando yehovhoni yakagadzirwa nainjiniya wekuGerman Gustav Hoffman muna 1856 kuitira kupfurwa kwezvidhinha nematiles. Chimiro chikuru chine mugero wakavharwa wedenderedzwa, unowanzo vakwa kubva kune zvidhinha zvinopiswa. Kufambisa kugadzirwa, magonhi ehovhoni akawanda akaenzana akaiswa pamadziro echoto. Kutenderera kumwechete kwekupfura (moto mumwe chete) kunoda magonhi gumi nemasere. Kuvandudza mamiriro ekushanda uye kubvumira zvidhinha zvakapedzwa nguva yakawanda yokutonhodza, hovhoni dzine madhoo 22 kana kuti 24 dzakagadzirwa, uye honi dzine madhoo 36 dzakavakwawo. Nekudzora madhamu emhepo, iyo firehead inogona kutungamirwa kuti ifambe, ichigonesa kuenderera kugadzirwa. Semhando yehuni yeinjiniya yekupisa, honi yeHoffman yakakamurwawo kuita preheating, kupfura, uye kutonhora nzvimbo. Zvisinei, kusiyana nehovhoni dzemukoto, uko mavharo ezvidhinha anoiswa pamotokari dzinopisa dzinofamba, honi yeHoffman inoshanda panheyo “yokufamba kusina chinhu, moto unoramba wakanyarara.” Nzvimbo nhatu dzinoshanda—kupisa, kupfutidza, uye kutonhodza—zvinoramba zvakamira, nepo zvidhinha zvisingavharwi zvichifamba nepakati penzvimbo nhatu kuti vapedze kupfurwa. Hoffman kiln inoshanda zvakasiyana: zvidhinha zvakaputirwa mukati mechoto uye zvinoramba zvakamira, nepo moto unotungamirwa nemadhamu emhepo kuti ufambe, uchitevera musimboti we "moto unofamba, maburi anoramba akamira." Naizvozvo, iyo preheating, kupfura, uye kutonhora nzvimbo muHoffman kiln inoramba ichichinja zvinzvimbo sezvo moto unofamba. Nzvimbo iri pamberi pemurazvo ndeyekupisa, murazvo pachawo ndewekupfuta, uye nzvimbo iri kuseri kwemurazvo ndeyekutonhodza. Nheyo yekushanda inosanganisira kugadzirisa damper yemhepo kuti itungamirire murazvo kuti uite sequentially moto zvidhinha zvakaturikidzana mukati memoto.
I. Maitiro Ekushanda:
Pre-ignition gadziriro: zvinhu zvinobatidza moto zvakaita sehuni nemarasha. Kana ukashandisa zvidhinha zvinopisa mukati, zvinoda kusvika 1,100–1,600 kcal/kg yekupisa inodiwa kupisa kilogiramu imwe yezvinhu zvakabikwa kusvika ku800–950°C. Zvidhinha zvinopisa zvinogona kureba zvishoma, zvine hunyoro hwe ≤6%. Zvidhinha zvinokodzera zvinofanira kurongedzerwa mumadhoo matatu kana mana echoto. Kuturikidzana kwezvidhinha kunotevera musimboti we "kusimba kumusoro uye kusunungura pasi, kusimba kumativi uye kusunungura pakati." Siya 15-20 cm moto mugero pakati pezvidhinha. Kubata kwemoto kunoitwa zvakanyanya pazvikamu zvakatwasuka, saka chitofu chekubatidza chinofanira kuvakwa mushure mekukotama, pamusuwo wechipiri kana wechitatu wehovhoni. Chitofu chekubatidza chine kamuri yekubikira uye chiteshi chekubvisa madota. Makomba ekudyisa marasha uye madziro asingapindi mhepo mumakoni emoto anofanira kuvharwa kudzivirira mweya unotonhora kupinda.
Ignition uye kudziyisa: Usati wabatidza, ongorora muviri wechoto uye madhamuremu emhepo kuti abude. Batidza feni woigadzirisa kuti iite kushomeka kwakashata pachitofu chemoto. Batidza huni nemarasha pabhokisi remoto kudzora mwero wekupisa. Shandisa kamoto kadiki kubika kwemaawa 24-48, uchiomesa zvidhinha uchibvisa hunyoro kubva muchoto. Zvadaro, wedzera zvishoma kuyerera kwemhepo kuti ikurumidze kupisa. Mhando dzakasiyana dzemarasha dzine mapoinzi akasiyana-siyana: marasha ebrown pa300-400°C, bituminous marasha pa400-550°C, uye anthracite pa550-700°C. Kana kutonhora kunosvika pamusoro pe400 ° C, marasha mukati mezvidhinha anotanga kupisa, uye chidhinha chimwe nechimwe chinova chitubu chekupisa sebhora remarasha. Kana zvidhinha zvatanga kutsva, kuyerera kwemhepo kunogona kuwedzera kuwedzera kusvika kune yakajairika kupisa tembiricha. Kana tembiricha yehuni inosvika 600 ° C, iyo damper yemhepo inogona kugadziridzwa kuti idzorere murazvo kune inotevera kamuri, ichipedzisa kupisa.
Kiln operation: Hoffman kiln inoshandiswa kupisa zvidhinha zvevhu, nehuwandu hwekupisa pamakamuri 4-6 pazuva. Sezvo musoro wemoto uchigara uchifamba, basa rekamuri yega yega yega rinochinjawo nguva dzose. Kana iri pamberi pemoto, basa racho ndiro preheating zone, ine tembiricha iri pasi pe600 ° C, damper yemhepo inowanzovhurika pa60-70%, uye kudzvinyirira kwakashata kubva -20 kusvika ku50 Pa. Paunenge uchibvisa unyoro, zvidziviriro zvakasimba zvinofanira kutorwa kudzivirira zvidhinha zviputi kubva pakuputika. Nzvimbo yekushisa iri pakati pe600 ° C uye 1050 ° C ndiyo nzvimbo yekupfura, uko zvidhinha zvivharo zvinoshandurwa. Pasi pekushisa kwepamusoro, ivhu rinopinda mumuviri uye kuchinja kwemakemikari, kuchinja kuva zvidhinha zvakapedzwa ne ceramic properties. Kana kupisa kwekupisa kusingasviki nekuda kwehuni husina kukwana, mafuta anofanirwa kuwedzerwa mumabheti (marasha ehupfu ≤2 kg pagomba nguva imwe neimwe), kuve nechokwadi chekupa oxygen yakakwana (≥5%) yekupisa, nekupisa kwehuni kunochengetwa pane zvishoma zvakashata zvakashata (-5 kusvika -10 Pa). Chengetedza tembiricha yakakwira kwemaawa 4-6 kuti unyatsopisa zvidhinha. Mushure mekupfuura nepakati penzvimbo yekupfura, zvidhinha zvivharo zvinoshandurwa kuita zvidhinha zvakapedzwa. Makomba ekudyisa marasha anobva avharwa, uye zvidhinha zvinopinda munzvimbo yekudzivirira uye kutonhora. Kutonhodza hakufanire kudarika 50°C/h kudzivirira kutsemuka nekuda kwekukurumidza kutonhora. Apo kutonhora kunodonha pasi pe200 ° C, gonhi rehuni rinogona kuvhurwa pedyo, uye mushure memhepo uye kutonhora, zvidhinha zvakapedzwa zvinobviswa kubva muchoto, kupedzisa kupisa.
II. Mashoko Akakosha
Kurongedza zvidhinha: "Zvikamu zvitatu zvekupfura, zvikamu zvinomwe zvakaturikidzana." Mukuita kupfura, kurongedza zvidhinha kwakakosha. Zvakakosha kuti uwane "hunonzwisisika density," kuwana kuenzanisa kwakakwana pakati penhamba yezvidhinha uye mapeji pakati pavo. Zvinoenderana neChinese yenyika zviyero, iyo yakakwana stacking density yezvidhinha zvidimbu 260 pa cubic mita. Kuturikidzana kwezvidhinha kunofanirwa kutevedzera misimboti ye "dense kumusoro, shoma pasi," "dense pamativi, ishoma pakati," uye "kusiya nzvimbo yekuyerera kwemhepo," uchidzivirira kusaenzana uko kumusoro kunorema uye pasi pakareruka. Iyo yakatwasuka yemhepo duct inofanirwa kuenderana neinobuda vent, nehupamhi hwe15-20 cm. Kutsauka kwakamira kwemurwi wezvidhinha hakufaniri kudarika 2%, uye matanho akasimba anofanira kutorwa kudzivirira murwi kubva pakuputsika.
Temperature Control: Iyo preheating zone inofanira kupiswa zvishoma nezvishoma; kukurumidza kuwedzera tembiricha kunorambidzwa zvachose (kukurumidza kuwedzera tembiricha kunogona kukonzera unyoro kutiza uye kutsemura zvidhinha zvivharo). Munguva yequartz metamorphic phase, tembiricha inofanirwa kuchengetedzwa yakagadzikana. Kana tembiricha ikawira pasi peinodiwa tembiricha uye marasha anoda kuwedzerwa kunze, concentrated marasha kuwedzera kunorambidzwa (kudzivirira localized overburning). Marasha anofanirwa kuwedzerwa muzvikamu zvidiki kakawanda kuburikidza negomba rimwe chete, kuwedzera kwega kwega kuri 2 kg pabatch, uye batch yega yega yakaparadzana zvishoma nemaminitsi gumi nemashanu.
Kuchengetedza: Hoffman kiln zvakare inzvimbo yakavharwa. Kana kabhoni monoxide yadarika 24 PPM, vashandi vanofanirwa kubuda, uye kufefetera kunofanirwa kuvandudzwa. Mushure mekupisa, zvidhinha zvakapedzwa zvinofanira kubviswa nemaoko. Mushure mekuvhura gonhi remoto, tanga wayera iyo okisijeni yemukati (okisijeni yemukati> 18%) usati wapinda kubasa.
III. Common Mhosva uye Troubleshooting
Nyaya dzakajairika mukugadzirwa kwehovhoni yeHoffman: kuvakwa kwehunyoro munzvimbo yekupisa uye kudonha kwezvidhinha zvakanyorova, zvakanyanya nekuda kwekuwanda kwehunyoro muzvidhinha zvakanyorova uye kusanaya kwemvura. Nzira yekubvisa hunyoro: shandisa zvidhinha zvakavharwa (zvine hunyoro hwakasara huri pasi pe6%) uye gadzirisa damper yemhepo kuti iwedzere kuyerera kwemhepo, kukwidza tembiricha kusvika pa120°C. Kupisa zvishoma nezvishoma: Kunowanzonzi "moto haubati," izvi zvinonyanya kukonzerwa nekupisa kusina oxygen. Mhinduro dzekusakwana kuyerera kwemhepo: Wedzera kuvhurika kwekunyorova, simudza kumhanya kwefan, gadzirisa maburi emuviri wechoto, uye chenesa marara akaunganidzwa kubva mufuru. Muchidimbu, ita shuwa kuti okisijeni yakakwana inopihwa mukamuri yekupisa kuti iwane kupfuta kwakapfuma kweokisijeni uye nekukurumidza kukwira kwekushisa. Brick body discoloration (yellowing) nekuda kwekusakwana tembiricha yekupisa: Solution: Zvakakodzera wedzera huwandu hwemafuta uye simudza tembiricha yekupfurwa. Zvidhinha zvine moyo wakasviba zvinogona kuumba nekuda kwezvikonzero zvakati: yakawandisa mukati mekuwedzera kuwedzera, kushomeka kweokisijeni muchoto kugadzira mhepo inoderedza (O₂ <3%), kana zvidhinha zvisina kupiswa zvakakwana. Solutions: Deredzai mukati memafuta emukati, wedzera kufefetedza kwemhepo yakakwana yekutsva kweokisijeni, uye zvakakodzera kuwedzera iyo yakakwirira-yekushisa inogara-yekupisa nguva kuti uone kuti zvidhinha zvakazara. Brick deformation (overfiring) inonyanya kukonzerwa nekupisa kwakanyanya kwenzvimbo. Mhinduro dzinosanganisira kuvhura damper yemhepo yekumberi kuti murazvo uende mberi uye kuvhura chivharo chemoto chekumashure kuti uunze mweya unotonhorera muchoto kuti udzikise tembiricha.
Hoffman kiln yanga ichishandiswa kwemakore 169 kubva payakagadzirwa uye yave nekuvandudzwa kwakawanda uye hunyanzvi. Imwe hunyanzvi hwakadaro ndeyekuwedzerwa kwehuni yepasi pemhepo duct kuunza mhepo yakaoma inopisa (100 ° C-300 ° C) mukamuri yekuomesa panguva yekupisa vhiri vhiri process. Chimwe chitsva ndechekushandiswa kwezvidhinha zvakapfurwa mukati, izvo zvakagadzirwa nemaChina. Mushure mokunge marasha akapwanyika, anowedzerwa kune zvigadzirwa maererano nezvinodiwa calorific value (inenge 1240 kcal / kg yezvinhu zvakasvibirira inodiwa kuti iwedzere kutonhora ne 1 ° C, yakaenzana ne0.3 kcal). Muchina wekudyisa wefekitari yezvidhina we“Wanda” unogona kusanganisa marasha nemidziyo mumiviri chaiyo. Muvhenganisi anonyatso sanganisa hupfu hwemarasha nezvinhu zvakasvibirira, kuve nechokwadi chekuti kutsauka kwekorific kunodzorwa mukati me ± 200 kJ/kg. Pamusoro pezvo, kudzora tembiricha uye PLC masisitimu anoiswa kuti agadzirise otomatiki mhepo inoyerera inoyerera uye marasha ekudya. Izvi zvinosimudzira mwero we automation, zvirinani kuve nechokwadi matatu akadzikama misimboti yeHoffman kiln operation: "yakadzikama mweya wemhepo, tembiricha yakatsiga, uye yakagadzikana kufamba kwemurazvo." Kushanda kwakajairwa kunoda kuchinjika kuchinjika kunoenderana nemamiriro ari mukati mechoto, uye kunyatsoshanda kunogona kugadzira zvidhinha zvakapedzwa.
Nguva yekutumira: Jun-21-2025