Itanura rya Hoffman (rizwi ku itanura ry’ibiziga mu Bushinwa) ni ubwoko bw'itanura ryahimbwe na injeniyeri w’Ubudage Gustav Hoffman mu 1856 kubera gukomeza kurasa amatafari n'amatafari. Imiterere nyamukuru igizwe numuyoboro uzengurutse, usanzwe wubatswe mumatafari yatwitse. Kugirango borohereze umusaruro, inzugi nyinshi ziringaniye zashyizwe kurukuta rw'itanura. Inzira imwe yo kurasa (firehead imwe) isaba inzugi 18. Kunoza imikorere yakazi no kwemerera amatafari yarangiye igihe kinini cyo gukonja, hubatswe itanura rifite inzugi 22 cyangwa 24, kandi hubatswe itanura ryumuriro ibiri ninzugi 36. Mugucunga ibyuka bihumeka, firehead irashobora kuyoborwa kwimuka, bigatuma umusaruro uhoraho. Nkubwoko bwamashyanyarazi yubushyuhe, itanura rya Hoffman naryo rigabanijwemo ahantu hashyushye, kurasa, no gukonjesha. Icyakora, bitandukanye n’itanura rya tunnel, aho amatafari ashyirwa ku modoka y’itanura rigenda, itanura rya Hoffman rikora ku ihame ry '“kugenda ubusa, umuriro urahagarara.” Ibice bitatu bikoreramo - gushyushya, kurasa, no gukonjesha - bikomeza guhagarara, mugihe amatafari yamatafari anyura muri zone eshatu kugirango arangize inzira yo kurasa. Itanura rya Hoffman rikora mu buryo butandukanye: ibitereko by'amatafari bishyizwe imbere mu itanura kandi bigakomeza guhagarara, mu gihe umuriro uyobowe n’ibikoresho byo mu kirere bigenda, ukurikije ihame ry '“umuriro ugenda, ibibanza bikomeza guhagarara.” Kubwibyo, ahantu hashyushye, kurasa, no gukonjesha mu itanura rya Hoffman bikomeza guhindura imyanya uko umuriro ugenda. Agace kari imbere yumuriro ni ugushushya, urumuri ubwacyo ni ururasa, naho igice cyumuriro ni ugukonja. Ihame ryakazi ririmo guhindura ikirere kugirango uyobore urumuri kugirango rukurikirane amatafari yashyizwe imbere mu itanura.
I. Uburyo bukoreshwa:
Gutegura mbere yo gutwika: ibikoresho byo gutwika nk'inkwi n'amakara. Niba ukoresheje amatafari yo gutwika imbere, hafi 1,100-1,600 kcal / kg yubushyuhe burasabwa gutwika ikiro kimwe cyibikoresho fatizo kugeza 800-950 ° C. Amatafari yo gutwika arashobora kuba muremure gato, hamwe nubushuhe bwa ≤6%. Amatafari yujuje ibyangombwa agomba gutondekwa mumiryango itatu cyangwa ine. Kubika amatafari bikurikiza ihame ryo “gukomera hejuru no kurekura hepfo, gukomera ku mpande no kurekura hagati.” Kureka umuyoboro wumuriro wa cm 15-20 hagati yamatafari. Ibikorwa byo gutwika bikorwa neza mubice bigororotse, bityo amashyiga yo gutwika agomba kubakwa nyuma yunamye, kumuryango wa kabiri cyangwa gatatu. Amashyiga yaka afite icyumba cyitanura nicyambu cyo gukuraho ivu. Amakara agaburira ibyobo hamwe ninkuta zidafite umuyaga mumuyoboro wumuriro bigomba gufungwa kugirango umwuka ukonje utinjira.
Gutwika no gushyushya: Mbere yo gutwikwa, genzura itanura ryumubiri hamwe n’imyuka ihumeka. Zingurura umufana hanyuma uhindure kugirango ukore igitutu gito gike ku ziko. Gutwika inkwi n'amakara kuri firebox kugirango ugenzure ubushyuhe. Koresha umuriro muto kugirango utekeshe amasaha 24-48, wumisha amatafari mugihe ukuyemo ubuhehere mu itanura. Noneho, ongeraho gato umwuka wo kwihuta kugirango ubushyuhe bwihuse. Ubwoko butandukanye bwamakara bufite aho butwika: amakara yijimye kuri 300-400 ° C, amakara ya bitumine kuri 400-550 ° C, na anthracite kuri 550-700 ° C. Iyo ubushyuhe bugeze hejuru ya 400 ° C, amakara imbere yamatafari atangira kwaka, kandi buri matafari ahinduka isoko yubushyuhe nkumupira wamakara. Amatafari amaze gutangira gutwika, umwuka wo mu kirere urashobora kwiyongera kugirango ugere ku bushyuhe busanzwe bwo kurasa. Iyo ubushyuhe bw'itanura bugeze kuri 600 ° C, icyuma cyangiza ikirere kirashobora guhinduka kugirango cyohereze urumuri mucyumba gikurikira, kirangize inzira yo gutwika.
Gukora itanura: Itanura rya Hoffman rikoreshwa mu gucana amatafari y'ibumba, igipimo cyo kurasa mu byumba 4-6 ku munsi. Kubera ko umuriro uhora ugenda, imikorere ya buri cyumba cy'itanura nacyo gihinduka ubudahwema. Iyo imbere yumuriro, imikorere ni agace gashyuha, hamwe nubushyuhe buri munsi ya 600 ° C, ubushuhe bwumuyaga busanzwe burakinguka kuri 60-70%, hamwe numuvuduko mubi uri hagati ya 20 na 50 Pa.Mu gihe ukuraho ubuhehere, hagomba gufatwa ingamba zikomeye kugirango amatafari atavunika. Agace k'ubushyuhe kari hagati ya 600 ° C na 1050 ° C ni ahantu ho kurasa, aho amatafari ahinduka. Mugihe cy'ubushyuhe bwinshi, ibumba rihinduka kumubiri na chimique, rihinduka amatafari yarangiye afite ceramic. Niba ubushyuhe bwo kuzimya butagerwaho kubera lisansi idahagije, lisansi igomba kongerwamo mubice (ifu yamakara kg2 kg kuri buri mwobo buri gihe), bigatuma umwuka wa ogisijeni uhagije (≥5%) kugirango utwike, hamwe nigitutu cy itanura gikomeza kumuvuduko muke (-5 kugeza -10 Pa). Komeza ubushyuhe buri hejuru mumasaha 4-6 kugirango ucane neza amatafari. Nyuma yo kunyura mumuriro, ibumba ryamatafari rihinduka amatafari yarangiye. Ibyobo byo kugaburira amakara noneho bifungwa, amatafari yinjira mukarere no gukonjesha. Igipimo cyo gukonjesha ntigomba kurenza 50 ° C / h kugirango wirinde gucika kubera gukonja vuba. Iyo ubushyuhe bugabanutse munsi ya 200 ° C, umuryango w’itanura urashobora gukingurwa hafi, hanyuma nyuma yo guhumeka no gukonjesha, amatafari yarangiye akurwa mu itanura, bikarangiza inzira yo kurasa.
II. Ingingo z'ingenzi
Guteranya amatafari: “Ibice bitatu birasa, ibice birindwi bikurikirana.” Muburyo bwo kurasa, guteranya amatafari ni ngombwa. Ni ngombwa kugera ku “bucucike bushyize mu gaciro,” ugashaka uburinganire bwiza hagati y’amatafari n’ibyuho hagati yabyo. Ukurikije ibipimo by’igihugu cy’Ubushinwa, ubwinshi bwo guteranya amatafari ni ibice 260 kuri metero kibe. Gutondekanya amatafari bigomba gukurikiza amahame y '“ubucucike hejuru, gake cyane,” “ubucucike ku mpande, gake hagati,” no “gusiga umwanya uva mu kirere,” mu gihe wirinda ubusumbane aho hejuru iremereye naho hepfo hakaba horoheje. Umuyoboro utambitse w'ikirere ugomba guhuza n'umuyaga usohora, ufite ubugari bwa cm 15-20. Gutandukana guhagaritse ikirundo cyamatafari ntigomba kurenga 2%, kandi hagomba gufatwa ingamba zikomeye kugirango ikirundo kidasenyuka.
Kugenzura Ubushyuhe: Agace gashyuha kagomba gushyukwa buhoro; kwiyongera k'ubushyuhe bwihuse birabujijwe rwose (kwiyongera k'ubushyuhe bwihuse bishobora gutera ubushuhe guhunga no kumena amatafari). Mugihe cya quartz metamorphic icyiciro, ubushyuhe bugomba kuguma buhamye. Niba ubushyuhe bugabanutse munsi yubushyuhe bukenewe kandi amakara akeneye kongerwamo hanze, birabujijwe kongera amakara yibanze (kugirango birinde gutwikwa cyane). Amakara agomba kongerwaho muke inshuro nyinshi akoresheje umwobo umwe, buri nyongera ikaba kg 2 kuri buri cyiciro, kandi buri cyiciro kikaba gifite byibuze iminota 15 itandukanye.
Umutekano: Itanura rya Hoffman naryo ni umwanya ugereranije. Iyo imyuka ya karubone irenze 24 PPM, abakozi bagomba kwimuka, kandi hagomba kongerwa umwuka. Nyuma yo gucumura, amatafari yarangiye agomba gukurwaho intoki. Nyuma yo gufungura urugi rw'itanura, banza upime ogisijeni (ibirimo ogisijeni> 18%) mbere yo kwinjira kukazi.
III. Amakosa asanzwe hamwe no gukemura ibibazo
Ibibazo bikunze kugaragara mu itanura rya Hoffman: kwiyongera k'ubushuhe mu karere gashyuha no gusenyuka kw'amatafari yatose, cyane cyane bitewe n'ubushyuhe bwinshi buri mu matafari atose hamwe n'amazi mabi. Uburyo bwo kuvoma amazi: koresha amatafari yumye yumye (hamwe nubushuhe busigaye buri munsi ya 6%) hanyuma uhindure icyuka cyuka kugirango wongere umwuka, bizamura ubushyuhe bugera kuri 120 ° C. Kwihuta kurasa: Bikunze kwitwa "umuriro ntuzafata," ibi biterwa ahanini no gutwikwa kwa ogisijeni. Ibisubizo byumuyaga udahagije: Ongera gufungura damper, kuzamura umuvuduko wabafana, gusana icyuho cyumubiri, hamwe n imyanda yegeranijwe ivuye kumurongo. Muri make, menya neza ko ogisijene ihagije itangwa mu cyumba cyaka kugirango ugere ku mwuka ukungahaye kuri ogisijeni no kuzamuka kw’ubushyuhe bwihuse. Guhindura ibara ryumubiri wamatafari (umuhondo) kubera ubushyuhe budahagije: Igisubizo: Kongera ubwinshi bwa peteroli no kuzamura ubushyuhe bwumuriro. Amatafari yumutima wumukara arashobora gukora kubwimpamvu nyinshi: inyongeramusaruro zikabije zo gutwika imbere, kubura ogisijeni mu itanura bigabanya umwuka ugabanya (O₂ <3%), cyangwa amatafari atarashya neza. Igisubizo: Mugabanye ibicanwa byimbere, byongere umwuka uhumeka wa ogisijeni uhagije, kandi wongere muburyo bukwiye ubushyuhe bwo hejuru burigihe burigihe ubushyuhe kugirango amatafari acane neza. Guhindura amatafari (kurenza urugero) biterwa ahanini nubushyuhe bwo hejuru. Ibisubizo birimo gufungura umwuka wimbere kugirango uhindure urumuri imbere no gufungura igifuniko cyinyuma kugirango winjize umwuka mwiza mumatara kugirango ubushyuhe bugabanuke.
Itanura rya Hoffman rimaze imyaka 169 rikoreshwa kuva ryashingwa kandi ryagiye ritera imbere kandi rishya. Kimwe muri ibyo bishya ni ukongeramo itanura ryo mu kirere munsi yo kwinjiza umwuka ushushe (100 ° C - 300 ° C) mu cyumba cyumisha mugihe cyo gutwika uruziga rumwe. Ikindi gishya ni ugukoresha amatafari yimbere imbere, yahimbwe nabashinwa. Amakara amaze kumenagura, yongerwa mubikoresho fatizo ukurikije agaciro gasabwa (hafi 1240 kcal / kg y'ibikoresho fatizo birakenewe kugirango ubushyuhe bugere kuri 1 ° C, bihwanye na kcal 0.3). Imashini yo kugaburira uruganda rwa "Wanda" irashobora kuvanga amakara nibikoresho fatizo muburyo bukwiye. Imvange ivanga neza ifu yamakara nibikoresho fatizo, ikemeza ko gutandukana kwagaciro kalorifike bigenzurwa muri ± 200 kJ / kg. Byongeye kandi, kugenzura ubushyuhe hamwe na sisitemu ya PLC byashyizweho kugirango bihite bihindura igipimo cy’imyuka ihumanya ikirere hamwe n’igipimo cyo kugaburira amakara. Ibi bizamura urwego rwo kwikora, birusheho kwemeza amahame atatu atuje yo gukora itanura rya Hoffman: "umuvuduko ukabije wumwuka, ubushyuhe butajegajega, hamwe n’umuriro uhoraho." Igikorwa gisanzwe gisaba guhinduka byoroshye ukurikije imiterere iri mu itanura, kandi gukora neza birashobora kubyara amatafari yujuje ibyangombwa.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Jun-21-2025