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Malangizo a Hoffman Kiln pakupanga njerwa

I. Chiyambi:

Hoffman kiln (yomwe imadziwikanso kuti "ng'anjo yozungulira" ku China) inapangidwa ndi Mjeremani Friedrich Hoffmann mu 1858. Asanalowetse ng'anjo ya Hoffman ku China, njerwa zadothi zinkawotchedwa pogwiritsa ntchito ng'anjo zadothi zomwe zinkangogwira ntchito pang'onopang'ono. Mawotchiwa, opangidwa ngati ma yurts kapena ma bun otenthedwa, kaŵirikaŵiri ankatchedwa “steamed bun kilns.” Patsinde pa ng'anjo anamangapo poyatsira moto; poombera njerwa, njerwa zouma ankaziunjika mkatimo, ndipo atawotcha, motowo unkatsekedwa kuti uzitsekereza ndi kuziziritsa asanatsegule chitseko cha uvuni kuti atulutse njerwa zomalizidwa. Zinatenga masiku 8-9 kuotcha mtanda umodzi wa njerwa mu ng'anjo imodzi. Chifukwa cha kutulutsa kochepa, ng'anjo zingapo zowotchera zimalumikizidwa motsatizana ndi zitoliro zolumikizidwa - ng'anjo imodzi itathamangitsidwa, chitoliro cha ng'anjo yoyandikana nayo chikhoza kutsegulidwa kuti ayambe kuwombera. Ng'anjo yamtunduwu inkatchedwa "ng'anjo ya chinjoka" ku China. Ngakhale ng'anjo ya chinjoka idachulukitsa zotulutsa, idalepherabe kupanga mosalekeza ndipo inali ndi zovuta zogwirira ntchito. Sizinali mpaka ng'anjo ya Hoffman idayambitsidwa ku China kuti vuto la kuwombera njerwa kosalekeza linathetsedwa, ndipo malo ogwirira ntchito owombera njerwa anali abwino.

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Mng'anjo ya Hoffman ndi mawonekedwe amakona anayi, ndi njira yayikulu yolowera mpweya ndi zoziziritsa pakati; malo oyendetsa moto amasinthidwa ndikuwongolera zowuma. Mkati mwake muli zipinda zowotchera zozungulira zolumikizana, ndipo zitseko zingapo zowotchera zimatsegulidwa pakhoma lakunja kuti zitheke kutsitsa ndi kutsitsa njerwa mosavuta. Khoma lakunja limapangidwa ndi magawo awiri okhala ndi zotchingira zodzaza pakati. Pokonzekera kuyatsa njerwa, njerwa zouma zimaunikidwa m’manjira a ng’anjo, ndipo maenje oyatsira moto amamangidwa. Kuyatsa kumachitika ndi zinthu zoyaka moto; pambuyo poyatsa kokhazikika, zoziziritsa kukhosi zimayendetsedwa kuti ziwongolere kayendedwe ka moto. Njerwa zomangika mumipando yowotchera amaziwotcha muzinthu zomalizidwa kutentha kwa 800-1000 ° C. Kuonetsetsa kuwombera kosalekeza ndi kutsogolo kwa lawi limodzi, payenera kukhala zitseko 2-3 za malo osungira njerwa, zitseko 3-4 za malo otentha, zitseko 3-4 za malo otenthetsera kutentha, zitseko 2-3 za malo otsekemera, ndi zitseko 2-3 za malo ozizira ndi kutsitsa njerwa. Choncho, ng'anjo ya Hoffman yokhala ndi moto umodzi kutsogolo imafuna zitseko zosachepera 18, ndipo imodzi yokhala ndi zitseko ziwiri zamoto imafuna zitseko 36 kapena kuposerapo. Pofuna kukonza malo ogwirira ntchito komanso kupewa kuti ogwira ntchito asatenthedwe kwambiri kuchokera ku njerwa zomalizidwa, zitseko zingapo zimawonjezeredwa nthawi zambiri, kotero ng'anjo yamoto wamoto wamoto wa Hoffman nthawi zambiri imamangidwa ndi zitseko za 22-24. Khomo lililonse limakhala lalitali pafupifupi 7 metres, ndi kutalika kwake pafupifupi 70-80 metres. Ukonde wamkati wa ng'anjo ukhoza kukhala mamita 3, 3.3 mamita, mamita 3.6, kapena mamita 3.8 (njerwa zokhazikika ndi 240mm kapena 250mm m'litali), kotero kusintha kwa ng'anjoyo kumawerengedwa powonjezera kutalika kwa njerwa imodzi. M'lifupi mwake m'lifupi mwake mumakhala njerwa zambiri zomangika, zomwe zimasiyana pang'ono. Mng'anjo wamoto umodzi wakutsogolo wa Hoffman umatha kupanga njerwa pafupifupi 18-30 miliyoni (240x115x53mm) pachaka.

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II. Kapangidwe:

Mng'anjo ya Hoffman ili ndi zigawo zotsatirazi kutengera ntchito zawo: maziko a ng'anjo, chitoliro cha pansi pa ng'anjo, makina oyendetsa mpweya, makina oyaka moto, kuwongolera kwa damper, thupi losindikizidwa, kusungunula ng'anjo, ndi zida zowonera / kuyang'anira. Chipinda chilichonse cha ng'anjo chimakhala chodziyimira pawokha komanso gawo la ng'anjo yonse. Pamene moto ukuyenda, maudindo awo mu uvuni amasintha (malo otentha, malo osungira, malo otsekemera, malo ozizira, malo otsitsa njerwa, malo osungira njerwa). Chipinda chilichonse chowotchera chili ndi chitoliro chake, njira yolowera mpweya, damper, ndi madoko owonera (madoko operekera malasha) ndi zitseko zamoto pamwamba.

Mfundo Yogwirira Ntchito:
Njerwa zikasanjikizidwa m'chipinda chowotchera, zotchinga zamapepala ziyenera kumata kuti zisindikize chipindacho. Pamene malo amoto akuyenera kusuntha, damper ya chipindacho imatsegulidwa kuti ipangitse kupanikizika koipa mkati, komwe kumakokera kutsogolo kwamoto kulowa m'chipinda ndikuwotcha chotchinga cha pepala. Muzochitika zapadera, mbedza yamoto ingagwiritsidwe ntchito kung'amba mapepala a chipinda cham'mbuyomo. Nthawi iliyonse malo amoto akusunthira kuchipinda chatsopano, zipinda zotsatila zimalowa mu gawo lotsatira motsatizana. Kawirikawiri, damper ikangotsegulidwa, chipinda chimalowa mu preheating ndi kutentha-kukwera siteji; zipinda 2-3 zitseko zimalowa mu siteji yowotcha kwambiri; zipinda 3-4 zitseko kutali kulowa kutchinjiriza ndi kuzirala siteji, ndi zina zotero. Chipinda chilichonse chimasintha ntchito yake mosalekeza, ndikupanga cyclic yopitilira ndi kutsogolo kwa lawi losuntha. Kuthamanga kwa lawi lamoto kumakhudzidwa ndi kuthamanga kwa mpweya, kuchuluka kwa mpweya, ndi calorie yamafuta. Kuonjezera apo, zimasiyanasiyana ndi zipangizo za njerwa (mamita 4-6 pa ola la njerwa za shale, mamita 3-5 pa ola la njerwa zadongo). Chifukwa chake, kuthamanga kwa kuwombera ndi kutulutsa kumatha kusinthidwa ndikuwongolera kuthamanga kwa mpweya ndi voliyumu kudzera pa ma dampers ndikusintha mafuta. Chinyezi cha njerwa chimakhudzanso mwachindunji liwiro la kuyenda kwa lawi: kuchepa kwa 1% kwa chinyezi kumatha kuwonjezera liwiro ndi mphindi 10. Kusindikiza ndi kutchinjiriza kwa ng'anjo kumakhudza mwachindunji kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta komanso kutulutsa njerwa zomalizidwa.

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Kiln Design:
Choyamba, potengera zomwe zimafunikira, dziwani kuchuluka kwa mkati mwa ng'anjoyo. M'lifupi mwake mosiyanasiyana amafuna ma voliyumu osiyanasiyana a mpweya. Kutengera mphamvu ya mpweya wofunikira ndi kuchuluka kwake, dziwani momwe ng'awo imalowera mpweya, zitoliro, ma dampers, mapaipi a mpweya, ndi ma ducts a mpweya, ndikuwerengera kuchuluka kwake kwa ng'anjoyo. Kenako, dziwani mafuta owombera njerwa-mafuta osiyanasiyana amafunikira njira zosiyanasiyana zoyatsira. Kwa gasi wachilengedwe, malo omwe amawotcha ayenera kusungidwa kale; kwa mafuta olemera (omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pambuyo potenthetsa), malo otsekemera ayenera kusungidwa. Ngakhale malasha ndi nkhuni (utuchi, mankhusu a mpunga, zipolopolo za mtedza, ndi zinthu zina zoyaka moto ndi mtengo wa kutentha), njira zimasiyana: malasha amaphwanyidwa, kotero kuti mabowo odyetsera malasha amatha kukhala ang'onoang'ono; kwa kudyetsa nkhuni kosavuta, mabowo ayenera kukhala aakulu moyenerera. Pambuyo pokonza motengera deta ya chigawo chilichonse cha uvuni, pangani zojambula zomangira ng'anjo.

III. Ntchito Yomanga:

Sankhani malo potengera zojambula zojambula. Kuti muchepetse ndalama, sankhani malo okhala ndi zida zambiri komanso mayendedwe osavuta a njerwa zomalizidwa. Fakitale yonse ya njerwa iyenera kukhala mozungulira ng'anjo. Mukazindikira malo a uvuni, chitani chithandizo cha maziko:
① Kafukufuku wa Geological: Dziwani kuzama kwa madzi apansi panthaka komanso kuchuluka kwa nthaka (yofunika kukhala ≥150kPa). Pamaziko ofewa, gwiritsani ntchito njira zosinthira (zowonongeka, maziko a milu, kapena 3:7 dothi la laimu).
② Mukatha kuchiza maziko, pangani chitoliro choyamba ndikuyikapo njira zosalowa madzi komanso zoteteza chinyezi: tsitsani matope osanjikizana 20mm, kenako chitani mankhwala osalowa madzi.
③ Maziko a ng'anjo amagwiritsa ntchito slab yolimbitsidwa ya konkriti, yokhala ndi zitsulo za φ14 zomangidwa mu gridi ya 200mm. M'lifupi ndi monga pa kapangidwe amafuna, ndi makulidwe pafupifupi 0.3-0.5 mamita.
④ Malo olumikizirana: Konzani cholumikizira chimodzi (30mm m'lifupi) pazipinda 4-5 zilizonse, zodzazidwa ndi hemp ya asphalt kuti musatseke madzi.
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Kiln Body Construction:
① Kukonzekera kwazinthu: Maziko akamaliza, sankhani malowo ndikukonzekera zida. Zipangizo zowotchera: Mbali ziwiri za ng'anjo ya Hoffman ndi zozungulira; njerwa zapadera (njerwa za trapezoidal, njerwa zooneka ngati fan) zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pamapindikira. Ngati ng'anjo yamkati imamangidwa ndi njerwa zamoto, dongo lamoto limafunika, makamaka pa njerwa za arch (T38, T39, zomwe zimatchedwa "njerwa za tsamba") zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pazipinda za mpweya ndi pamwamba pa arch. Konzani formwork ya arch top pasadakhale.
② Kukhazikitsa: Pamaziko oyeretsedwa, lembani mzere wapakati wa ng'anjo, kenaka zindikirani ndikuyika chizindikiro m'mphepete mwa khoma la ng'anjo ndi malo olowera zitseko potengera chitoliro chapansi panthaka ndi malo olowera mpweya. Chongani mizere isanu ndi umodzi yowongoka ya thupi la ng'anjo ndi mizere ya arc yopindika kumapeto kutengera m'lifupi mwake.
③ Kumanga: Choyamba pangani mitsinje ndi zolowera mpweya, kenako ikani njerwa zapansi (zomwe zimafuna zomanga molumikizana mozungulira ndi matope, osalumikizana mosalekeza, kuonetsetsa kusindikiza ndikuletsa kutayikira kwa mpweya). Zotsatirazi ndi: kumanga makoma owongoka pamodzi ndi mizere yodziwika bwino ya maziko, kusinthira ku ma bend, omwe amamangidwa ndi njerwa za trapezoidal (zolakwa zovomerezeka ≤3mm). Malinga ndi kapangidwe kake, pangani makoma olumikizirana pakati pa makoma amkati ndi kunja kwa ng'anjo ndikudzaza ndi zotchingira. Pamene makoma owongoka amangidwa mpaka kutalika kwina, ikani njerwa zomangira (60 ° -75 °) kuti muyambe kumanga pamwamba pake. Ikani arch formwork (zovomerezeka arc kupatuka ≤3mm) ndi kumanga arch pamwamba symmetrically kuchokera mbali zonse mpaka pakati. Gwiritsani ntchito njerwa za arch (T38, T39) pamwamba pa arch; ngati njerwa wamba zikugwiritsidwa ntchito, onetsetsani pafupi 贴合 ndi formwork. Pomanga njerwa zomaliza 3-6 pa mphete iliyonse, gwiritsani ntchito njerwa zokhoma zokhala ngati mphero (kusiyana kwa makulidwe 10-15mm) ndikuzimenya mwamphamvu ndi nyundo ya rabara. Malo osungiramo ma doko ndi ma doko odyetsera malasha pamwamba pa arch malinga ndi zofunikira zamapangidwe.

IV. Kuwongolera Ubwino:

a. Kukhazikika: Yang'anani ndi mulingo wa laser kapena plumb bob; kupatuka kovomerezeka ≤5mm/m.
b. Kutsika: Yang'anani ndi 2-mita yowongoka; zololeka kusamvana ≤3mm.
c. Kusindikiza: Mukamaliza kumanga ng'anjo, yesetsani kuyesa kukakamiza (-50Pa); kutayikira ≤0.5m³/h·m².
Nthawi yotumiza: Aug-05-2025