Mitundu yowotchera yomwe anthu ambiri amagwiritsa ntchito masiku ano ndi yowotchera njerwa. Lingaliro la ng'anjo ya ngalandeyo lidaperekedwa koyamba ndipo lidapangidwa ndi a French, ngakhale silinamangidwe. Mng'anjo yoyamba yopangira njerwa idapangidwa ndi injiniya waku Germany 2-buku mu 1877, yemwenso adapereka chiphaso chake. Potengera kufala kwa ma kilns, njira zambiri zatsopano zidawonekera. Kutengera kukula kwa ukonde wamkati, amagawidwa m'magawo ang'onoang'ono (≤2.8 metres), sing'anga (mamita 3-4), ndi gawo lalikulu (≥4.6 mita). Mwa mtundu wa ng'anjo, amaphatikizapo mtundu wa micro-dome, mtundu wa denga lathyathyathya, ndi mtundu wosuntha wa mphete. Mwa njira yogwiritsira ntchito, amaphatikizapo makina oyendetsa galimoto ndi ma shuttle kilns. Zowotchera mbale. Kutengera ndi mtundu wamafuta omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito: pali omwe amagwiritsa ntchito malasha ngati mafuta (omwe amapezeka kwambiri), omwe amagwiritsa ntchito gasi kapena gasi (omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuwombera njerwa zosakanizika ndi njerwa zapakhoma, makamaka njerwa zotsika kwambiri), omwe amagwiritsa ntchito mafuta olemera kapena magwero amphamvu osakanikirana, ndi omwe amagwiritsa ntchito mafuta a biomass, etc. sintering, ndi kuzirala zigawo, ndi mankhwala kusuntha mbali ina ndi gasi otaya, ndi ngalande uvuni.
Zowotchera ngalandezi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ngati zowotchera zomangira, njerwa zomangira, matailosi a ceramic, ndi zoumba. M'zaka zaposachedwa, ng'anjo za tunnel zakhala zikugwiritsidwanso ntchito kuyatsa oyeretsa madzi ndi zida zopangira mabatire a lithiamu. Zowotchera ngalande zimakhala ndi ntchito zosiyanasiyana ndipo zimabwera m'mitundu yambiri, iliyonse ili ndi mawonekedwe ake. Lero, tiyang'ana kwambiri za ng'anjo yowotchera magawo omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuwombera njerwa.
1. Mfundo Yofunika Kuiganizira: Monga ng'anjo yotentha, ng'anjo yotentha kwambiri imafuna kutentha. Chilichonse choyaka chomwe chingathe kutenthetsa chingagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati mafuta opangira mumphangayo (mafuta osiyanasiyana angapangitse kusiyana kwa zomangamanga). Mafuta amayaka m'chipinda choyaka moto mkati mwa ng'anjo, kutulutsa mpweya wotentha kwambiri. Mothandizidwa ndi fani, mpweya wotentha kwambiri umasunthira mosiyana ndi zinthu zomwe zimathamangitsidwa. Kutentha kumasamutsidwa ku njerwa zomwe zimasokonekera pamoto wamoto, zomwe zimayenda pang'onopang'ono m'njira zolowera mu uvuni. Njerwa zomwe zili pamotopo zimapitirizabe kutentha. Gawo lomwe lisanayambe chipinda choyaka moto ndi malo otentha (pafupifupi malo khumi a galimoto). Njerwa zomwe zikusowekapo zimatenthedwa pang'onopang'ono ndikutenthetsa mu preheating zone, kuchotsa chinyezi ndi zinthu zamoyo. Pamene ng'anjo yamoto imalowa m'dera la sintering, njerwa zimafika kutentha kwakukulu (850 ° C kwa njerwa zadongo ndi 1050 ° C kwa njerwa za shale) pogwiritsa ntchito kutentha komwe kumachokera ku kuyaka kwa mafuta, kumasintha thupi ndi mankhwala kuti apange mawonekedwe owundana. Gawo ili ndi malo owombera (komanso malo otentha kwambiri) a ng'anjo, kuyambira pafupifupi 12 mpaka 22. Pambuyo podutsa malo owombera, njerwa zimakhala ndi nthawi yotsekemera zisanalowe kumalo ozizira. M'malo ozizira, zinthu zomwe zimawotchedwa zimakumana ndi mpweya wambiri wozizira womwe umalowa mu ng'anjo yamoto, ndikuzizira pang'onopang'ono musanatuluke mu uvuni, ndikumaliza kuwombera konse.
II. Zomangamanga: Zowotchera ngalandezi ndi zida za injiniya wotentha. Iwo ali lonse kutentha osiyanasiyana ndi mkulu structural amafuna thupi ng'anjo. (1) Kukonzekera kwa maziko: Chotsani zinyalala pamalo omanga ndikuwonetsetsa kuti zinthu zitatu ndi gawo limodzi. Onetsetsani kuti pali madzi, magetsi, ndi malo apansi. Otsetsereka ayenera kukwaniritsa zofunika ngalande. Maziko ayenera kukhala ndi mphamvu yonyamula 150 kN/m². Ngati mukukumana ndi nthaka yofewa, gwiritsani ntchito njira yosinthira (mwala wa miyala kapena kusakaniza kwa laimu). Mukatha kukonza ngalande, gwiritsani ntchito konkire yolimbitsa ngati maziko a uvuni. Maziko olimba amatsimikizira kubereka komanso kukhazikika kwa uvuni. (2) Kapangidwe ka Mng'anjo Makoma a mkati mwa ng'anjo m'malo otentha kwambiri ayenera kumangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito njerwa. Makoma akunja angagwiritse ntchito njerwa wamba, ndi mankhwala otsekereza pakati pa njerwa (pogwiritsa ntchito thanthwe, mabulangete a aluminium silicate fiber, etc.) kuti achepetse kutentha. Makulidwe a khoma lamkati ndi 500 mm, ndipo makulidwe akunja ndi 370 mm. Zowonjezera zowonjezera ziyenera kusiyidwa malinga ndi zofunikira za mapangidwe. Zomangamangazo ziyenera kukhala ndi zomangira zonse zamatope, zokhala ndi njerwa zosasunthika zoyalidwa m'malo osasunthika (malo olumikizirana matope ≤ 3 mm) ndi njerwa wamba zolumikizira matope za 8-10 mm. Zipangizo zoyatsira mpweya ziyenera kugawidwa mofanana, zopakidwa mokwanira, ndi kusindikizidwa kuti madzi asalowe. (3) Mng'anjo Pansi Pansi pa ng'anjo pakhale malo athyathyathya kuti galimoto yowotcherayo ipitirire. Chosanjikiza chosamva chinyezi chiyenera kukhala ndi mphamvu zokwanira zonyamula katundu ndi mphamvu zotetezera kutentha, pamene galimoto yamoto imayenda m'njira. Mu ng'anjo yowotcheramo m'mbali mwake ya mita 3.6, galimoto iliyonse imatha kunyamula njerwa zonyowa pafupifupi 6,000. Kuphatikizapo kulemera kwake kwa galimoto yamoto, katundu wonsewo ndi pafupifupi matani 20, ndipo ng'anjo yonseyo iyenera kupirira kulemera kwa galimoto imodzi yopitirira matani 600. Chifukwa chake, kuyala njanji sikuyenera kuchitidwa mosasamala. (4) Denga la ng'anjo nthawi zambiri limakhala ndi mitundu iwiri: yopindika pang'ono komanso yosalala. Denga la arched ndi njira yachikhalidwe yomanga, pomwe denga lathyathyathya limagwiritsa ntchito zinthu zotayidwa kapena njerwa zopepuka zopangira denga. Masiku ano, ambiri amagwiritsa ntchito matabwa a silicon aluminiyamu. Mosasamala kanthu za zinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito, ziyenera kuwonetsetsa kutentha kwa refractory ndi kusindikiza, ndipo mabowo owonetsetsa ayenera kuikidwa pamalo oyenera malinga ndi zofunikira za mapangidwe. Mabowo odyetsera malasha, mabowo a mpweya, ndi zina zotero. (5) Dongosolo loyatsira moto: a. Mng'anjo zowotcha nkhuni ndi malasha mulibe zipinda zoyaka moto m'malo otentha kwambiri a ng'anjoyo, zomwe zimamangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito njerwa zomangira, ndipo zimakhala ndi madoko operekera mafuta ndi madoko otulutsira phulusa. b. Ndi kulimbikitsa teknoloji ya njerwa yoyaka mkati, zipinda zoyatsira zosiyana sizikufunikanso, chifukwa njerwa zimasunga kutentha. ngati kutentha kosakwanira kulipo, mafuta owonjezera akhoza kuwonjezeredwa kupyolera mu mabowo odyetsera malasha padenga lamoto. c. Mng'oma zoyaka gasi, gasi wamalasha, mpweya wamafuta amafuta, ndi zina zotere, zimakhala ndi zoyatsira mpweya m'mbali mwa ng'anjo kapena padenga (kutengera mtundu wamafuta), zowotcha zimagawidwa moyenera komanso mofanana kuti zithandizire kuwongolera kutentha mkati mwa ng'anjo. (6) Dongosolo la mpweya wabwino: a. Mafani: kuphatikiza mafani operekera, mafani otopetsa, mafani a dehumidification, ndi mafani ofananitsa. Kuzizira mafani. Fani iliyonse ili pamalo osiyanasiyana ndipo imagwira ntchito yosiyana. Wowotchayo amalowetsa mpweya m'chipinda choyaka kuti apereke okosijeni wokwanira kuyaka, chowotcha chotulutsa mpweya chimachotsa mpweya wotuluka mung'anjo kuti ukhalebe ndi mphamvu ina yoyipa mkati mwa ng'anjo ndikuwonetsetsa kuyenda kwa gasi wosalala, ndipo fani ya dehumidification imachotsa mpweya wonyowa kuchokera ku njerwa zonyowa kunja kwa ng'anjo. b. Njira zodutsa mpweya: Izi zimagawika m'mapaipi ndi ma ducts mpweya. Ma ducts a flue amachotsa mpweya wotuluka ndi mpweya wonyowa mu uvuni. Ma ducts a mpweya amapezeka mumitundu yomanga ndi mapaipi ndipo ali ndi udindo wopereka mpweya kumalo oyatsira moto. c. Zothira mpweya: Zimayikidwa pamipando ya mpweya, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuwongolera kayendedwe ka mpweya ndi kutentha kwa uvuni. Mwa kusintha kukula kwa kutsegula kwa mpweya, kugawa kwa kutentha ndi malo amoto mkati mwa ng'anjo kumatha kuwongoleredwa. (7) Kayendetsedwe ka ntchito: a. Galimoto yamoto: Galimoto yoyaka moto ili ndi ng'anjo yosunthika pansi yokhala ndi mawonekedwe ngati ngalande. Zovala za njerwa zimayenda pang'onopang'ono pamoto wowotchera, ndikudutsa malo otentha, malo oziziritsa, malo osungira, malo ozizira. Galimoto yamoto imapangidwa ndi chitsulo, miyeso yomwe imatsimikiziridwa ndi ukonde waukonde mkati mwa ng'anjo, ndikuonetsetsa kuti kusindikizidwa. b. Kusamutsa galimoto: Pakamwa pa ng'anjo, galimoto yosinthira imasamutsa galimoto yamoto. Galimoto ya ng'anjoyo imatumizidwa kumalo osungirako, kenako kumalo owumitsa, ndipo potsirizira pake ku zone yotentha, ndi zinthu zomalizidwa zimatumizidwa kumalo otsitsa. c. Zida zokokera zimaphatikizanso makina othamangitsa, makina onyamula ma hydraulic, makina oyenda, ndi makina okokera pakamwa. Kupyolera mu zipangizo zosiyanasiyana m'malo osiyanasiyana, galimoto yowotchera imakokedwa m'njira kuti isunthe, kukwaniritsa zinthu zingapo monga kusungirako njerwa, kuyanika, kuyanika, kutsitsa, ndi kulongedza. (8) Dongosolo lowongolera kutentha: Kuzindikira kutentha kumaphatikizapo kukhazikitsa masensa a kutentha kwa thermocouple pamalo osiyanasiyana mkati mwa ng'anjo kuti ayang'anire kutentha kwa ng'anjo mu nthawi yeniyeni. Zizindikiro za kutentha zimatumizidwa ku chipinda chowongolera, kumene ogwira ntchito amasintha kuchuluka kwa mpweya ndi mphamvu yoyaka moto potengera deta ya kutentha. Kuyang'anira kupanikizika kumaphatikizapo kuyika masensa othamanga pamutu wa ng'anjo, mchira wa ng'anjo, ndi malo ovuta mkati mwa ng'anjo kuti muwone kusintha kwa kutentha kwa ng'anjo mu nthawi yeniyeni. Pokonza zochepetsera mpweya mu mpweya wabwino, mphamvu ya ng'anjo imasungidwa pamlingo wokhazikika.
III. Opaleshoni: Pambuyo pa thupi lalikulu la ng'anjo yamoto ndi zake配套zida zakhazikitsidwa, ndi nthawi yokonzekera kuyatsa ndikugwiritsa ntchito bwino. Kugwiritsa ntchito ng'anjo sikophweka monga kusintha babu kapena kutembenuza chosinthira; kuwombera bwino ng'anjo yowotchera kumafuna ukatswiri wa sayansi. Kuwongolera mosamalitsa, kufalitsa zochitika, ndi kugwirizanitsa mbali zingapo ndizofunikira. Tsatanetsatane wa njira zogwirira ntchito ndi njira zothetsera mavuto omwe angabwere adzakambidwa pambuyo pake. Pakalipano, tiyeni tifotokoze mwachidule njira zogwirira ntchito ndi njira za ng'anjo: "Kuyendera: Choyamba, yang'anani m'ng'anjo kuti muwone ngati pali ming'alu." Onani ngati zosindikizira zowonjezera zili zolimba. Kanikizani magalimoto ochepa opanda kanthu kuzungulira kangapo kuti muwone ngati njanji, makina apamwamba a galimoto, kutumiza galimoto, ndi zipangizo zina zogwirira ntchito zikugwira ntchito bwino. Onetsetsani kuti akuwotcha bwinobwino. Onani ngati mafani akugwira ntchito moyenera. B. Kutentha kwapakati (200-600 ° C): Kutentha kwapakati pa 10-15 ° C pa ola limodzi, ndi kuphika kwa masiku awiri (600 ° C ndi pamwamba): onjezerani kutentha kwapakati pa 20 ° C pa ola limodzi mpaka nthawi yowonjezedwa, ndikuyang'anira nthawi zonse chinyontho (3) Kuyatsa: Kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta monga gasi kapena gasi wa malasha ndikosavuta lero, tidzagwiritsa ntchito malasha, nkhuni, ndi zina zotero Yatsani nkhuni ndi malasha, ndipo pang'onopang'ono muwonjezere kutentha mwa kusintha kayendedwe ka mpweya ndi kupanikizika mpaka zotsalira za njerwa zikafika pa kutentha kwa moto, yambani kudyetsa magalimoto atsopano mu ng'anjo kuchokera kutsogolo ndikusunthira pang'onopang'ono kumalo oyaka moto kuwonetsetsa kuti ntchito yowombetsayo yamalizidwa molingana ndi njira yopangira kutentha ④) Ntchito yopangira njerwa: Konzani njerwa pamoto wowotchera molingana ndi kapangidwe kake, kuonetsetsa kuti pali mipata yoyenera ndi njira za mpweya pakati pa njerwa kuti zithandizire kuyenda bwino kwa gasi Njira zogwirira ntchito: Panthawi yowotchera, kutentha, kupanikizika, ndi magawo a gasi pamalo aliwonse ogwirira ntchito ayenera kuyang'aniridwa mosalekeza (pafupifupi 50-80% pa mita) kuti muteteze kuphulika kwa njerwa Malo ozizira amatha kugwiritsa ntchito mawonekedwe obwezeretsa kutentha (kupulumutsa mphamvu ndi kuchepetsa mpweya) kutumiza mphamvu zotentha kumalo owumitsira njerwa Kuonjezerapo, galimoto yamoto iyenera kutsogola molingana ndi kapangidwe kake, kuthamanga kwa mpweya ndi kutuluka kwa mpweya kuyenera kusinthidwa kutengera kutentha kwa kutentha kwa 10-2. wa -10 mpaka -50 Pa mu preheating zone) kutengera kuwunika kwa Kiln exit: Pamene ng'anjo yamoto ifika potuluka, zotsekera za njerwa zamaliza kuwombera ndi kuziziritsa kutentha koyenera ku malo njerwa stacking mu msonkhano ndondomeko ndiye kubwerezedwa kwa stacking lotsatira ndi kuwombera mkombero.
Chiyambireni kupangidwa kwake, ng'anjo yowotchera njerwa yakhala ikukongoletsedwa kambirimbiri komanso zatsopano zaukadaulo, ndikuwongolera pang'onopang'ono miyezo yoteteza chilengedwe komanso kuchuluka kwa makina. M'tsogolomu, luntha, kuyanjana kwambiri ndi chilengedwe, ndi kukonzanso kwazinthu zidzalamulira njira zamakono, kuyendetsa mafakitale a njerwa ndi matayala kumapanga apamwamba kwambiri.
Nthawi yotumiza: Jun-12-2025