Kusukela ekuzalweni, wonke umuntu emhlabeni umatasatasa ngamagama amane kuphela: “izingubo, ukudla, indawo yokuhlala, nezinto zokuhamba”. Lapho sebephakelwe futhi begqokiswa, baqala ukucabanga ngokuphila ngokunethezeka. Uma kuziwa endabeni yokukhosela, kufanele bakhe izindlu, bakhe izakhiwo ezihlangabezana nezimo zokuhlala, futhi ukwakha izindlu kudinga izinto zokwakha. Enye yezinto zokwakha eziyinhloko izitini ezihlukahlukene. Ukwenza izitini nokwenza izitini ezinhle, imishini yezitini ibalulekile. Kunemishini eminingi yezitini esetshenziselwa ukwenza izitini, futhi ingahlukaniswa ngokuqondile
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### **1. Ukuhlelwa ngohlobo lwempahla eluhlaza**
1. **Umshini wokwenza izitini zobumba**
- **Izinto zokusetshenziswa**: Izinto ezihlangene zemvelo ezifana nobumba ne-shale, ezifinyeleleka kalula.
- **Izici zenqubo**: Kudinga ukucwiliswa kwezinga lokushisa eliphezulu (njengezitini ezibomvu zendabuko), kuyilapho ezinye izinto zesimanje zisekela ukukhiqizwa kwezitini zobumba ezingashiswanga (ngokuxuba izibophezelo ezikhethekile noma ukubumba okunomfutho ophezulu).
- **Isicelo**: Isitini esibomvu sendabuko, isitini esishisiwe, nesitini sobumba esingashiswanga.
2. **Umshini wokwenza izitini zikakhonkolo**
- **Izinto zokusetshenziswa**: usimende, isihlabathi, i-aggregate, amanzi, njll.
- **Izici zenqubo**: Ukwakheka ngokudlidliza nokucindezela, okulandelwa ukuphulukiswa kwemvelo noma ukwelapha ngesitimu.
- **Izinhlelo zokusebenza**: izitini zikasimende, ama-curbs, izitini ezivunyelekayo, njll.
3. **Umshini wokwenza izitini ovumelana nemvelo**
- **Izinto zokusetshenziswa**: umlotha wokundiza, i-slag, imfucuza yokwakha, imfucuza yezimboni, njll.
- **Izici zenqubo**: Inqubo engashi, kusetshenziswa ukuhlanganiswa kwezinto ezilahlwayo kanye nokubumba, ukonga ugesi kanye nemvelo.
- **Izinhlelo zokusebenza**: Izitini ezilungele imvelo, izitini ezingasindi, izitini zokufakelwa, izitini eziyigwebu, amabhlogo afakwe umoya, njll.
4. **Umshini wokwenza izitini zeGypsum**
- **Izinto zokusetshenziswa**: i-gypsum, i-fiber-reinforced material.
- **Izici zenqubo**: Ukubumba okuqinile kokuqina, kulungele izitini zokuhlukanisa ezingasindi.
- ** Isicelo **: ingaphakathi ukwahlukanisa amabhodi, izitini zokuhlobisa.
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### **II. Ukuhlelwa ngendlela yokwenza izitini**
1. **Umshini wezitini owenza ingcindezi**
- **Isimiso**: Impahla eluhlaza icindezelwa ekubunjweni ngokusebenzisa i-hydraulic noma i-mechanical pressure.
- **Izici**: Ukubumbana okuphezulu komzimba wezitini, kulungele isitini sikasimende se-lime-sand kanye nezitini ezingashiswanga.
- **Amamodeli amele **: umshini wezitini we-hydraulic static press, umshini wezitini wohlobo lwe-lever.
2. **Umshini wokwakha izitini odlidlizayo**
- **Isimiso**: Sebenzisa ukudlidliza kwemvamisa ephezulu ukuhlanganisa impahla eluhlaza ngaphakathi kwesikhunta.
- **Izici**: Ukusebenza kahle kokukhiqiza okuphezulu, kulungele izitini ezingenalutho nezitini ezinembobo.
- **Amamodeli amele **: umshini wokwenza izitini onyakazayo, umshini wokwenza amabhlogo.
3. **Umshini wokwenza izitini we-Extrusion**
- **Isimiso**: I-plastic impahla eluhlaza ikhishwa ibe yi-strip shape nge-spiral extruder bese isikwa ibe amabhilidi ezitini.
- **Izici**: Ifanele izitini zobumba nezitini eziboshiwe, ezidinga ukomiswa nokucwiliswa okulandelayo.
- **Imodeli emele **: Umshini wezitini we-vacuum extrusion. (Umshini wezitini womkhiqizo we-Wanda yilolu hlobo lomshini wokukhipha i-vacuum)
4. **Umshini wokwenza izitini wokuphrinta we-3D**
- **Isimiso**: Ukwakha isitini ngokwendlalela izinto ngokulawula idijithali.
- **Izici**: Ukwakheka okuyinkimbinkimbi okwenziwa ngokwezifiso, ezifanele izitini zokuhlobisa nezitini ezinokwakheka.
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### **III. Ukuhlelwa ngemikhiqizo eqediwe**
1. **Umshini wezitini eziqinile**
- **Umkhiqizo oqediwe**: isitini esiqinile (njengesitini esibomvu esijwayelekile, isitini esiqinile sikasimende).
- **Izici**: isakhiwo esilula, amandla acindezelayo aphezulu, kodwa isisindo esinzima.
2. **Umshini wezitini ongenalutho**
- **Imikhiqizo eqediwe**: izitini ezingenalutho, izitini ezinezimbobo (ezine-porosity engu-15% -40%).
- **Izici**: I-lightweight, ukushisa nokufakwa kwemisindo, nokonga impahla eluhlaza.
3. **Umshini wezitini ogandaywe ngamatshe**
- **Imikhiqizo eqediwe**: izitini ezivunyelekayo, ama-curbs, izitini zokutshala utshani, njll.
- **Izici**: Isikhunta siyakwazi ukushintshwa, sinokwakheka okuhlukile kwendawo, futhi simelana nokucindezela nokuguga.
4. **Umshini wezitini wokuhlobisa**
- **Imikhiqizo eqediwe **: itshe lamasiko, isitini sasendulo, isitini esinemibala, njll.
- **Izici**: Idinga isikhunta esikhethekile noma izinqubo zokwelashwa kwendawo, enevelu ephezulu eyengeziwe.
5. **Umshini wezitini okhethekile**
- **Imikhiqizo eqediwe**: izitini eziphikisayo, izitini zokufakelwa, amabhlogo kakhonkolo afakwe umoya, njll.
- **Izici**: Idinga izinqubo zokucwilisa izinga lokushisa eliphezulu noma ukukhihliza amagwebu, ezinezidingo zobuchwepheshe eziphezulu zemishini.
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Kafushane: Ukwakhiwa akukwazi ukwenza ngaphandle kwezitini ezihlukahlukene, futhi ukwenza izitini akukwazi ukwenza ngaphandle kwemishini yezitini. Ukukhethwa okuqondile komshini wezitini kunganqunywa ngokusekelwe ezimeni zendawo: 1. Ukuma kwemakethe: Ukuze kukhiqizwe izitini zokwakha ezijwayelekile, umshini wezitini we-vacuum extrusion ungasetshenziswa, onamandla okukhiqiza aphezulu, izinto zokusetshenziswa eziningi, kanye nemakethe ebanzi. 2. Izidingo zenqubo: Ukuze uthole izinto zokwakha ezizisebenzisayo noma ukukhiqizwa okuncane, umshini wezitini ze-samente onyakazayo ungakhethwa, odinga ukutshalwa kwezimali okuncane futhi uveze imiphumela esheshayo, futhi ungakhiqizwa ngendlela yomndeni. 3. Izidingo zempahla eluhlaza: Ukuze kucutshungulwe imfucuza yezimboni noma imfucuza yokwakha, njengomlotha wempukane, kungakhethwa umshini wezitini owuchungechunge lwekhonkrithi ofakwe umoya. Ngemuva kokuhlolwa, imfucuza yokwakha ingasetshenziswa emshinini wezitini wokubumba onyakazayo noma ochotshoziwe futhi oxutshwe nobumba womshini wezitini wokubumba we-extrusion.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Aug-05-2025