Izindaba - Imiyalo ye-Hoffman Kiln yokwenza izitini

I. Isingeniso:

I-Hoffman kiln (eyaziwa nangokuthi "iziko eliyindilinga" eShayina) yasungulwa nguJalimane uFriedrich Hoffmann ngo-1858. Ngaphambi kokwethulwa komlilo wakwaHoffman eShayina, izitini zobumba zazibaswa kusetshenziswa iziko lobumba ezazikwazi ukusebenza ngezikhathi ezithile kuphela. Lawa mahhayela, amise okwe-yurt noma amabhanisi ashunqisiwe, ayevame ukubizwa ngokuthi “ama-bun kilns ane-steamed.” Kwakhiwa umgodi wokucisha umlilo ngaphansi kweziko; lapho kuqhunyiswa izitini, izitini ezomile zazinqwabelene ngaphakathi, futhi ngemva kokudubula, umlilo wawuvalwa ukuze ugqume futhi uphole ngaphambi kokuvula umnyango wehhoko ukuze kukhishwe izitini eseziphelile. Kuthathe izinsuku ezingu-8-9 ukushisa inqwaba yezitini kuhhoyini owodwa. Ngenxa yokukhishwa okuphansi, amahhanisi amabhanisi amaningana axhunywe ochungechungeni olunamapayipi axhumene—emva kokuba kushiswe ihhashi elilodwa, umtshingo wehhala oseduze wawungavulwa ukuze kuqale ukudubula. Lolu hlobo lweziko lwalubizwa ngokuthi "i-dragon kiln" eShayina. Nakuba iziko likadrako landa umkhiqizo, lalingakwazanga ukuzuza ukukhiqiza okuqhubekayo futhi libe nezimo zokusebenza ezinzima. Kwaze kwaze kwaba yilapho kwethulwa iziko likaHoffman eChina lapho inkinga yokuqhunyiswa kwezitini zobumba eqhubekayo yaxazululwa, futhi indawo yokusebenza yokudubula kwezitini yathuthukiswa ngokuqhathaniswa.

Ihhavini likaHoffman liwunxande, linepayipi elikhulu lomoya kanye nama-dampers phakathi; indawo yomlilo ehambayo ilungiswa ngokulawula ama-dampers. Ingxenye engaphakathi iqukethe amagumbi okuhhanela axhumene ayindilinga, futhi iminyango eminingi yeziko ivulwa odongeni olungaphandle ukuze kulayishwe kalula futhi kuthululwe izitini. Udonga olungaphandle lunezendlalelo ezikabili ngezinto zokufakelwa ezifakwe phakathi. Lapho ulungiselela ukushisa izitini, izitini ezomisiwe zinqwabelana eziphasejini, futhi kwakhiwa nemigodi yokuthungela. Ukuthungela kwenziwa ngezinto ezivuthayo; ngemva kokushisa okuzinzile, ama-dampers asetshenziswa ukuze aqondise ukuhamba komlilo. Izitini ezimbondelene eziphasejini zomlilo zishiswa emikhiqizweni eqediwe ekushiseni kuka-800-1000°C. Ukuqinisekisa ukudubula okuqhubekayo ngelangabi elilodwa elingaphambili, kufanele kube neminyango engu-2-3 yendawo yokunqwabelanisa izitini, iminyango engu-3-4 yendawo yokushisa, iminyango engu-3-4 yendawo yokushisa eshisa kakhulu, iminyango engu-2-3 yendawo yokushisa, kanye neminyango engu-2-3 yendawo yokupholisa nezitini. Ngakho-ke, isibambo sikaHoffman esinelangabi elilodwa ngaphambili sidinga okungenani izicabha eziyi-18, futhi esinezicabha ezimbili zamalangabi sidinga iminyango engama-36 noma ngaphezulu. Ukuze kuthuthukiswe indawo yokusebenza futhi kugwenywe abasebenzi ukuba bachayeke emazingeni okushisa aphakeme ngokweqile kusukela ezitini eziqediwe, iminyango embalwa eyengeziwe ngokuvamile iyengezwa, ngakho-ke i-hoffman-front-flame-front kiln ivame ukwakhiwa ngezicabha ezingu-22-24. Umnyango ngamunye ucishe ube ngamamitha ayi-7 ubude, ubude obuphelele obungamamitha angama-70-80. Ububanzi bangaphakathi bangaphakathi behhashi bungaba amamitha angu-3, amamitha angu-3.3, amamitha angu-3.6, noma amamitha angu-3.8 (izitini ezivamile zingama-240mm noma ama-250mm ubude), ngakho izinguquko kububanzi beziko zibalwa ngokwandisa ubude besitini esisodwa. Ububanzi obuhlukene bangaphakathi buphumela ezinombolweni ezihlukene zezitini ezistakiwe, futhi ngaleyo ndlela imiphumela ehluke kancane. I-Hoffman kiln yelangabi elilodwa ngaphambili ingakhiqiza cishe izitini ezijwayelekile eziyizigidi eziyi-18-30 (240x115x53mm) ngonyaka.

II. Isakhiwo:

I-Hoffman kiln iqukethe izingxenye ezilandelayo ezisekelwe emisebenzini yazo: isisekelo se-kiln, i-kiln flue, isistimu ye-air duct, isistimu yokuvutha, isilawuli se-damper, umzimba we-sealed kiln, i-kiln insulation, kanye nemishini yokubuka/ukuqapha. Igumbi ngalinye lomlilo liyiyunithi ezimele kanye nengxenye yalo lonke iziko. Njengoba isikhundla somlilo sinyakaza, izindima zabo kuhhashi ziyashintsha (indawo yokushisa, indawo yokushisa, indawo yokushisa, indawo yokupholisa, indawo yokuthulula izitini, indawo yokupakisha izitini). Igumbi ngalinye lehhoko linomtshingo walo, imigudu yomoya, indawo yokushisa, kanye namachweba okubuka (amachweba okuphakela amalahle) kanye nezicabha zomlilo phezulu.

Isimiso sokusebenza:
Ngemva kokuba izitini zimbondelene egumbini lomlilo, izithiyo zephepha kufanele zinamathiselwe ukuze kuvalwe igumbi ngalinye. Lapho indawo yomlilo idinga ukunyakaza, i-damper yalelo gumbi iyavuleka ukuze idale ukucindezela okungalungile ngaphakathi, okudonsela i-flame front ekamelweni futhi kushise umgoqo wephepha. Ezimweni ezikhethekile, i-hook yomlilo ingasetshenziswa ukudabula umgoqo wephepha wekamelo langaphambilini. Isikhathi ngasinye lapho indawo yomlilo ithuthela ekamelweni elisha, amakamelo alandelayo angena esigabeni esilandelayo ngokulandelana. Ngokuvamile, lapho i-damper isanda kuvulwa, ikamelo lingena esiteji sokushisa nokushisa; amakamelo 2-3 iminyango ingena esiteji sokudubula esiphezulu; amakamelo 3-4 iminyango away faka ukwahlukanisa kanye esiteji sokupholisa, nokunye. Igumbi ngalinye lishintsha ngokuqhubekayo indima yalo, lakha ukukhiqizwa komjikelezo oqhubekayo onelangabi elinyakazayo. Isivinini sokuhamba kwelangabi sithintwa umfutho womoya, umthamo womoya, kanye nenani likaphethiloli lekhalori. Ukwengeza, kuyahlukahluka ngezinto zokusetshenziswa zezitini (amamitha angu-4-6 ngehora ngezitini ze-shale, amamitha angu-3-5 ngehora ngezitini zobumba). Ngakho-ke, isivinini sokudubula kanye nokuphumayo kungalungiswa ngokulawula ukucindezela komoya kanye nevolumu ngokusebenzisa ama-dampers kanye nokulungisa ukunikezwa kukaphethiloli. Umswakama wezitini ubuye uthinte ngqo isivinini sokuhamba kwelangabi: ukwehla ngo-1% kokuqukethwe komswakama kungakhuphula isivinini cishe ngemizuzu eyi-10. Ukubekwa uphawu nokusebenza kokufakwa kweziko kuthinta ngqo ukusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli kanye nokukhishwa kwezitini eziqediwe.

I-Kiln Design:
Okokuqala, ngokusekelwe kumfuneko yokukhiphayo, nquma ububanzi bangaphakathi obuphelele behhashi. Ububanzi obuhlukene bangaphakathi budinga amavolumu omoya ahlukene. Ngokusekelwe kumfutho womoya odingekayo kanye nevolumu, nquma ukucaciswa nosayizi bama-inlet, amaflue, ama-dammpers, amapayipi omoya, namapayipi omoya amakhulu, bese ubala ingqikithi yobubanzi behhala. Khona-ke, thola uphethiloli wokudubula izitini-amafutha ahlukene adinga izindlela ezihlukene zokuvutha. Ngegesi yemvelo, izikhundla zezimbawula kufanele zigcinwe kusengaphambili; kumafutha anzima (asetshenziswe ngemva kokushisa), izikhundla ze-nozzle kumele zigcinwe. Ngisho namalahle nezinkuni (i-sawdust, amakhoba elayisi, amagobolondo amakinati, nezinye izinto ezivuthayo ezinenani lokushisa), izindlela ziyahlukahluka: amalahle ayachotshozwa, ngakho imigodi yokuphakela amalahle ingaba mincane; ukuze kube lula ukudla izinkuni, izimbobo kufanele zibe zinkulu ngokufanele. Ngemva kokuklama ngokusekelwe kudatha yengxenye ngayinye yeziko, yakha imidwebo yokwakha yeziko.

III. Inqubo yokwakha:

Khetha isayithi ngokusekelwe emidwebeni yokuklama. Ukuze unciphise izindleko, khetha indawo enezinto eziningi zokusetshenziswa kanye nezinto zokuhamba ezikahle zezitini eziqediwe. Yonke imboni yezitini kufanele igxile kuhho. Ngemuva kokunquma indawo yomlilo, yenza ukwelashwa kwesisekelo:
① Inhlolovo yokwakheka komhlaba: Thola ukujula kongqimba lwamanzi angaphansi komhlaba kanye namandla okuthwala inhlabathi (kudingeka kube ≥150kPa). Ukuze uthole izisekelo ezithambile, sebenzisa izindlela zokushintsha (isisekelo semfucumfucu, isisekelo senqwaba, noma inhlabathi egayiwe ye-lime engu-3:7).
② Ngemva kokwelashwa kwesisekelo, yakha i-kiln flue kuqala bese usebenzisa izinyathelo zokungangeni kwamanzi kanye nezokuvikela umswakama: 抹 ungqimba oluwugqinsi lodaka olungangeni manzi olungama-20mm, bese wenza ukwelashwa okungangeni manzi.
③ Isisekelo se-kiln sisebenzisa i-raft slab kakhonkolo eqinisiwe, enemigoqo yensimbi engu-φ14 eboshwe kugridi ye-bidirectional engu-200mm. Ububanzi buhambisana nezidingo zomklamo ngamunye, futhi ubukhulu bucishe bube ngamamitha angu-0.3-0.5.
④ Amalunga okunweba: Hlela ijoyinti elilodwa lokunweba (30mm ububanzi) kuwo wonke amagumbi angu-4-5, agcwaliswe nge-asphalted hemp ukuze kuvalwe amanzi.

Ukwakhiwa komzimba we-Kiln:
① Ukulungiswa kwezinto: Ngemva kokuqedwa kwesisekelo, linganisa indawo bese ulungisa izinto zokwakha. Izinto zokushisela umlilo: Iziphetho ezimbili zehhavini likaHoffman ziyi-semicircular; Izitini ezimise okukhethekile (izitini ze-trapezoidal, izitini ezimise okwefeni) zisetshenziswa ekugobeni. Uma umzimba womlilo wangaphakathi wakhiwe ngezitini zomlilo, ubumba lomlilo luyadingeka, ikakhulukazi izitini ze-arch (T38, T39, ezivame ukubizwa ngokuthi "izitini ze-blade") ezisetshenziswa ezindaweni zokungena emoyeni naseziqongweni ze-arch. Lungiselela i-formwork ye-arch top kusengaphambili.
② Ukusetha: Kusisekelo esilungisiwe, phawula umugqa omaphakathi wehho kuqala, bese unquma futhi umaka imiphetho yezindonga zikahhovini kanye nezindawo zezicabha zikahhovini ngokusekelwe kupayipi elingaphansi komhlaba nendawo yokungena komoya. Maka imigqa eyisithupha eqondile yomzimba wehnu kanye nemigqa ye-arc yokugoba kokugcina ngokusekelwe kububanzi obungaphakathi obuphelele.
③ I-Masonry: Okokuqala yakha amapayipi kanye nezindawo zokungena komoya, bese ubeka izitini ezingezansi (ezidinga amatshe ahlanganisiwe anyakazayo anodaka olugcwele, awekho amalunga aqhubekayo, ukuqinisekisa ukuvala nokuvimbela ukuvuza komoya). Ukulandelana kuwukuthi: yakha izindonga eziqondile emigqeni yesisekelo esimakiwe, ishintshela emagobeni, akhiwe ngezitini ze-trapezoidal (iphutha elivumelekile ≤3mm). Njengokwezidingo zomklamo, yakha izindonga zokusekela ezixhumayo phakathi kwezindonga zomlilo zangaphakathi nezingaphandle futhi ugcwalise ngezinto zokufakelwa. Uma izindonga eziqondile zakhiwe ukuphakama okuthile, beka izitini ze-arch angle (60 ° -75 °) ukuze uqale ukwakha i-arch top. Beka i-arch formwork (ukuchezuka kwe-arc okuvumelekile ≤3mm) futhi wakhe i-arch top ngokulinganayo ukusuka ezinhlangothini zombili ukuya enkabeni. Sebenzisa izitini ze-arch (T38, T39) phezulu kwe-arch; uma kusetshenziswa izitini ezijwayelekile, qinisekisa ukuvala 贴合 nge-formwork. Lapho wakha izitini zokugcina ezingu-3-6 zendandatho ngayinye, sebenzisa izitini zokukhiya ezimise okwe-wedge (umehluko wokuqina 10-15mm) futhi uziqinise ngesando serabha. Gcina izimbobo zokubuka kanye nezimbobo zokuphakela amalahle ngaphezulu kwe-arch ngokwezidingo zomklamo.

IV. Ikhwalithi yokulawula:

a. Ukuma: Hlola ngezinga le-laser noma i-plumb bob; ukuchezuka okuvumelekile ≤5mm/m.
b. Ukucaba: Hlola nge-straightedge yamamitha angu-2; ukungalingani okuvumelekile ≤3mm.
c. Ukubeka uphawu: Ngemva kokuqedwa kokwakhiwa kweziko, yenza ukuhlolwa kwengcindezi engalungile (-50Pa); izinga lokuvuza ≤0.5m³/h·m².

Isikhathi sokuthumela: Aug-05-2025