Iindaba-Imiyalelo yeHoffman Kiln yokwenza izitena

I. Intshayelelo:

I hoffman kiln (ekwaziwa ngokuba yi "circular kiln" e China) yaqanjwa ngu German Friedrich Hoffmann ngo 1858. Phambi kokungeniswa kwe hoffman kiln eTshayina, izitena zodongwe zazibaswa kusetyenziswa izitofu zodongwe ezazikwazi ukusebenza ngamaxesha athile kuphela. Ezi ziko, zimile okweeyurts okanye iibhanti eziphekwe ngomphunga, zazidla ngokubizwa ngokuba “ziibhanti ezinomphunga.” Kwakhiwe iqula lomlilo emazantsi eziko; xa kuqhunyiswa izitena, izitena ezomileyo zazigqunyelelwa ngaphakathi, kwaye emva kokudubula, umlilo wavalwa ukuze ugqume kwaye uphole ngaphambi kokuba uvule umnyango we-oven ukuze ukhuphe izitena ezigqityiweyo. Kwathatha iintsuku ezisi-8 ukuya kwezi-9 ukutshisa ibhetshi enye yezitena kwiziko elinye. Ngenxa yemveliso ephantsi, ii-kilns ezininzi eziqhumayo zadityaniswa kuthotho kunye ne-flues edibeneyo-emva kokuba i-kiln enye igxothwe, i-flue ye-kiln ekufutshane yayinokuvulwa ukuze iqalise ukudubula. Olu hlobo lweziko lwalubizwa ngokuba yi "dragon kiln" eTshayina. Nangona i-dragon kiln yandisa imveliso, ayizange ikwazi ukuphumeza imveliso eqhubekayo kwaye ineemeko zokusebenza ezinzima. Kwakungekho de kwaveliswa i-Hoffman kiln e-China ukuba ingxaki yokuqhunyiswa kwezitena eziqhubekayo zasonjululwa, kwaye indawo yokusebenza yokudubula izitena yayiphuculwe.

Iziko lakwaHoffman limile okwexande, linombhobho womoya ophambili kunye nezidambisi nzulu embindini; indawo yomlilo ehambayo ilungiswa ngokulawula ama-dampers. Inxalenye yangaphakathi iqulathe amagumbi eziko adityanisiweyo adityanisiweyo, kwaye iingcango ze-kiln ezininzi zivulwa eludongeni olungaphandle ukuze kube lula ukulayishwa kunye nokukhulula izitena. Udonga lwangaphandle lufakwe kabini kunye ne-insulation material ezaliswe phakathi. Xa ulungiselela ukutshisa izitena, izitena ezomileyo zifakwe kwiipaseji ze-oven, kunye nemigodi yokutshisa. Ukutshisa kwenziwa ngezinto ezinokutsha; emva kokuvutha okuzinzile, ama-dampers aqhutywe ukukhokela ukuhamba komlilo. Izitena ezifakwe kwiipaseji ze-oven zitshiswa kwiimveliso ezigqityiweyo kwiqondo lokushisa lama-800-1000 ° C. Ukuqinisekisa ukudubula okuqhubekayo ngedangatye elinye langaphambili, kufuneka kubekho iingcango ezi-2-3 zendawo yokupakisha izitena, iingcango ezi-3-4 zendawo yokufudumeza, iingcango ezi-3-4 zendawo yokushisa okuphezulu, iingcango ezi-2-3 zendawo yokugquma, kunye neengcango ezi-2-3 zendawo yokupholisa kunye neyokukhulula izitena. Ngoko ke, iziko likaHoffman elinedangatye elinye langaphambili lifuna ubuncinane iingcango ezili-18, yaye enye enamadangatye amabini ifuna iingcango ezingama-36 okanye ngaphezulu. Ukuphucula indawo yokusebenza kwaye ugweme abasebenzi ukuba babonakale kumaqondo okushisa aphezulu kakhulu ukusuka kwizitena ezigqityiweyo, iingcango ezimbalwa zivame ukudityaniswa, ngoko ke i-hoffman-flame-front kiln ye-Hoffman ihlala yakhiwe ngeengcango ezingama-22-24. Ucango ngalunye lumalunga neemitha ezisi-7 ubude, nobude bubonke bumalunga nama-70-80 eemitha. Ububanzi bangaphakathi bomnatha beziko bunokuba ziimitha ezi-3, iimitha ezi-3.3, iimitha ezi-3.6, okanye iimitha ezi-3.8 (izitena eziqhelekileyo zingama-240mm okanye ama-250mm ubude), ngoko ke utshintsho kububanzi beziko lubalwa ngokunyusa ubude besitena esinye. Ububanzi obahlukeneyo bangaphakathi bubangela amanani ahlukeneyo ezitena ezipakishweyo, kwaye ngaloo ndlela iziphumo zahluke kancinane. Iziko elinomlilo omnye phambi kweHoffman linokuvelisa malunga ne-18-30 yezigidi zezitena eziqhelekileyo (240x115x53mm) ngonyaka.

II. Ulwakhiwo:

I-Hoffman kiln iqulathe la malungu alandelayo ngokusekelwe kwimisebenzi yawo: isiseko se-kiln, i-kiln flue ephantsi, i-air duct system, inkqubo yokutshisa, ulawulo lwe-damper, umzimba we-kiln otywiniweyo, i-kiln insulation, kunye nezixhobo zokujonga / zokubeka iliso. Igumbi leeko ngalinye liyiyunithi ezimeleyo kunye nenxalenye ye-onti yonke. Njengoko indawo yomlilo ihamba, iindima zabo kwindawo yokushisa (indawo yokufudumala, indawo yokutshisa, indawo yokugquma, indawo yokupholisa, indawo yokukhulula izitena, indawo yokubeka izitena). Igumbi le-kiln ngalinye lineflue yalo, i-air duct, i-damper, kunye namazibuko okuqwalasela (amazibuko okutyisa amalahle) kunye neengcango ze-onti phezulu.

UmGaqo wokuSebenza:
Emva kokuba izitena zifakwe kwigumbi le-oven, izithintelo zephepha kufuneka zifakwe ukuze zitywine igumbi ngalinye. Xa indawo yomlilo kufuneka ihambe, i-damper yelo gumbi ivuliwe ukudala uxinzelelo olubi ngaphakathi, olutsala idangatye elingaphambili kwigumbi kwaye litshise umqobo wephepha. Kwiimeko ezikhethekileyo, ikhonkco lomlilo lingasetyenziselwa ukukrazula umqobo wephepha wegumbi langaphambili. Ngalo lonke ixesha indawo yomlilo ihambela kwigumbi elitsha, amagumbi alandelayo angena kwinqanaba elilandelayo ngokulandelelana. Ngokuqhelekileyo, xa i-damper ivuliwe nje, igumbi lingena kwi-preheating kunye neqondo lokushisa elinyukayo; amagumbi 2-3 iingcango kude ungene kwinqanaba eliphezulu lokudubula lobushushu; amagumbi 3-4 iingcango kude ngena kwi-insulation kunye nenqanaba lokupholisa, njalo njalo. Igumbi ngalinye litshintsha ngokuqhubekayo indima yalo, lenza imveliso ye-cyclic eqhubekayo kunye nelangatye elihamba phambili. Isantya sokuhamba somlilo sichatshazelwa luxinzelelo lomoya, umthamo womoya, kunye nexabiso le-calorific yamafutha. Ukongezelela, iyahluka kunye nezitena eziluhlaza (iimitha ezi-4-6 ngeyure kwizitena ze-shale, i-3-5 yeemitha ngeyure kwizitena zodongwe). Ke ngoko, isantya sokudubula kunye nesiphumo sinokuhlengahlengiswa ngokulawula uxinzelelo lomoya kunye nevolumu ngokusebenzisa ama-dampers kunye nokulungelelanisa ukuhanjiswa kwamafutha. Ubumanzi bezitena buchaphazela ngqo isantya sokuhamba kwedangatye: ukuhla nge-1% kumxholo wokufuma kunokunyusa isantya malunga nemizuzu eyi-10. Ukutywinwa kunye nokusebenza kwe-insulation ye-kiln kukuchaphazela ngokuthe ngqo ukusetyenziswa kwamafutha kunye nokukhutshwa kwezitena ezigqityiweyo.

Uyilo lweKiln:
Okokuqala, ngokusekelwe kwimfuno yemveliso, misela ububanzi bangaphakathi bomnatha we-oven. Ububanzi obuhlukeneyo bangaphakathi bufuna umthamo womoya owahlukileyo. Ngokusekelwe kuxinzelelo lomoya olufunekayo kunye nomthamo, misela iinkcukacha kunye nobukhulu beendawo zokungena komoya, iiflue, iidampers, imibhobho yomoya, kunye nemibhobho yomoya engundoqo, kwaye ubale ububanzi bubonke beziko. Emva koko, misela i-fuel yokudubula izitena-amafutha ahlukeneyo afuna iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokutshisa. Kwirhasi yendalo, izikhundla zezitshisi kufuneka zigcinwe kwangaphambili; kwioli enzima (esetyenziswe emva kokufudumeza), izikhundla ze-nozzle kufuneka zigcinwe. Kwanamalahle kunye neenkuni (i-sawdust, i-rice, i-peanut shells, kunye nezinye izinto ezivuthayo ezinexabiso lobushushu), iindlela ziyahluka: amalahle atyunyuziwe, ngoko imingxuma yokutyisa amalahle ingaba yincinci; ukwenzela ukutya okulula kweenkuni, imingxuma kufuneka ibe mikhulu ngokufanelekileyo. Emva kokuyila ngokusekelwe kwidatha yecandelo ngalinye le-kiln, yakha imizobo yokwakhiwa kwe-kiln.

III. Inkqubo yokwakha:

Khetha indawo esekelwe kwimizobo yoyilo. Ukunciphisa iindleko, khetha indawo enezixhobo ezininzi eziluhlaza kunye nokuhamba ngokufanelekileyo kwizitena ezigqityiweyo. Wonke umzi-mveliso wezitena kufuneka ubekwe kwindawo engqonge iziko. Emva kokumisela indawo ye-oven, yenza unyango lwesiseko:
① Uvavanyo lwejoloji: Qinisekisa ubunzulu bomaleko wamanzi aphantsi komhlaba kunye nomthamo wokuthwala umhlaba (ufuneka ≥150kPa). Kwiziseko ezithambileyo, sebenzisa iindlela zokutshintsha (isiseko sengqushu, isiseko semfumba, okanye egayiweyo 3:7 lime-soil).
② Emva konyango lwesiseko, yakha i-kiln flue kuqala kwaye usebenzise imilinganiselo yokungangeni manzi kunye nobungqina bokufuma: 抹 umaleko wodaka ongqindilili ongama-20mm, emva koko wenze unyango olungangeni manzi.
③ Isiseko se-kiln sisebenzisa i-slab ye-raft yekhonkrithi eqinisiweyo, kunye ne-φ14 imivalo yentsimbi eboshwe kwigridi ye-200mm ye-bidirectional. Ububanzi bufana neemfuno zoyilo, kwaye ubukhulu bumalunga ne-0.3-0.5 yeemitha.
④ Ukwandiswa kwamalungu: Lungiselela ijoyinti enye yokwandisa (30mm ububanzi) kuzo zonke ii-4-5 zamagumbi, azaliswe nge-asphalted hemp yokutywinwa kwamanzi.

Ukwakhiwa kweKiln Body:
① Ukulungiswa kwezinto: Emva kokuba isiseko sigqityiwe, linganisa indawo kwaye ulungiselele izinto. Izixhobo ze-Kiln: Iziphelo ezibini zehonti yakwaHoffman zisisetyhula; izitena ezikhethekileyo (izitena ze-trapezoidal, izitena ezinobumba) zisetyenziselwa ukugoba. Ukuba umzimba we-kiln wangaphakathi wakhiwe ngezitena zomlilo, udongwe lomlilo luyafuneka, ngakumbi kwizitena ze-arch (T38, T39, ezibizwa ngokuqhelekileyo ngokuthi "izitena ze-blade") ezisetyenziselwa kwii-inlets zomoya kunye ne-arch top. Lungiselela i-formwork ye-arch top kwangaphambili.
② Ukumisela: Kwisiseko esicociweyo, phawula umgca osembindini weziko kuqala, emva koko umisele kwaye uphawule imiphetho yodonga lweziko kunye neendawo zokuma kocango ngokusekwe kumbhobho ongaphantsi komhlaba kunye neendawo zokungena komoya. Phawula imigca emithandathu ethe tye kumzimba we-kiln kunye nemigca ye-arc yesiphelo sokugoba ngokusekelwe kububanzi bangaphakathi bomnatha.
③ Ukwakhiwa kweMasonry: Kuqala yakha imibhobho kunye neendawo zokungena umoya, emva koko ubeke izitena ezisezantsi (zifuna i-masonry edibeneyo edibeneyo enodaka olupheleleyo, akukho malungu aqhubekayo, ukuqinisekisa ukutywinwa kunye nokuthintela ukuvuza komoya). Ulandelelwano kukuba: yakha iindonga ezichanekileyo kunye nemigca yesiseko ephawulweyo, ukutshintshela kwii-bends, ezakhiwe ngezitena ze-trapezoidal (impazamo evumelekileyo ≤3mm). Ngokweemfuno zoyilo, yakha iindonga zenkxaso yokudibanisa phakathi kweendonga ze-oven yangaphakathi nangaphandle kwaye ugcwalise ngezinto zokugquma. Xa iindonga ezithe tye zakhiwe ukuya kumphakamo othile, beka izitena ze-arch angle (60 ° -75 °) ukuqala ukwakha i-arch top. Beka i-arch formwork (i-arc evumelekileyo ukuphambuka ≤3mm) kwaye wakhe i-arch top symmetrically ukusuka kumacala omabini ukuya kwiziko. Sebenzisa izitena ze-arch (T38, T39) kwi-arch top; ukuba izitena eziqhelekileyo zisetyenzisiwe, qinisekisa ukuba uvale 贴合 kunye nefomwork. Xa usakha izitena ezi-3-6 zokugqibela zeringi nganye, sebenzisa izitena zokutshixa ezimile okwe-wedge (umahluko wobunzima obuyi-10-15mm) kwaye uzibethelele ngokuqinileyo ngehamile yerabha. Amazibuko okuqwalaselo ogcino kunye namazibuko okutyisa amalahle kumphezulu wearch ngokweemfuno zoyilo.

IV. Ulawulo lwemeko:

a. Ukuqina: Jonga ngenqanaba lelaser okanye iplumb bob; ukutenxa okuvumelekileyo ≤5mm/m.
b. Ukuthe tyaba: Jonga nge-2-meter straightedge; ukungalingani okuvumelekileyo ≤3mm.
c. Ukutywinwa: Emva kokuba i-kiln masonry igqityiwe, yenza uvavanyo olubi loxinzelelo (-50Pa); izinga lokuvuza ≤0.5m³/h·m².

Ixesha lokuposa: Aug-05-2025