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Mirayiridzo yeHoffman Kiln yekugadzira Brick

I. Nhanganyaya:

Hoffman kiln (inozivikanwawo se "circular kiln" kuChina) yakagadzirwa naGermany Friedrich Hoffmann muna 1858. Pamberi pekuiswa kweHoffman kiln muChina, zvidhinha zvevhu zvaipiswa uchishandisa hoto dzevhu dzaigona kungoshanda nguva nenguva. Idzi hovhoni, dzakaita semayurts kana kuti mabhanzi akapfuhwira, dzaiwanzonzi “steamed bun kilns.” Pazasi pechoto pakavakwa gomba remoto; pakupfura zvidhinha, zvidhinha zvakaomeswa zvaitutirana mukati, uye pashure pokupfuta, moto waivharwa kuti uvhare uye utonhodze usati wavhura gonhi rechoto kuti ubudise zvidhinha zvakanga zvapera. Zvakatora mazuva 8-9 kupisa batch rimwe chete rezvidhinha muchoto chimwe chete. Nekuda kwekushomeka kwakadzikira, mabhanzi akati wandei akabatanidzwa munhevedzano nemafuta akabatana-mushure mekunge honi imwe yadzingwa, flue yevira iri padyo yaigona kuvhurwa kuti itange kupfura. Honi yerudzi urwu yainzi "choto cheshato" kuChina. Kunyange zvazvo honi yeshato yakawedzera kubuda, yakaramba isingakwanisi kugadzira uye yakanga ine mamiriro ekushanda akaoma. Yakanga isiri iyo honi yeHoffman yakaunzwa kuChina kuti dambudziko rekupfurwa kwezvidhinha rinoenderera rakagadziriswa, uye nzvimbo yekushanda yekupfura zvidhinha yakagadziridzwa.

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Hoffman kiln ine rectangular muchimiro, ine main air duct uye dampers pakati; nzvimbo yemoto inofamba inogadziriswa nekudzora madhamu. Chikamu chemukati chine makamuri ane denderedzwa akabatana akabatana, uye magonhi echoto akawanda anovhurwa pamadziro ekunze kuti zvive nyore kutakura uye kuburitsa zvidhinha. Rusvingo rwekunze rwakapetwa kaviri-ne insulation material yakazadzwa pakati. Paunenge uchigadzirira kupisa zvidhinha, zvidhinha zvakaomeswa zvinorongedzerwa mumigero yechoto, uye makomba emoto anovakwa. Ignition inoitwa nezvinhu zvinopisa; mushure mekudzima kwakagadzikana, madhamu anoshanda kuti atungamirire kufamba kwemoto. Zvidhinha zvakaturikidzana mumigero yechoto zvinopiswa muzvigadzirwa zvakapedzwa patembiricha ye800-1000°C. Kuve nechokwadi chekupfurwa nemoto kumberi, panofanirwa kuve nemagonhi maviri-3 enzvimbo yekumisikidza zvidhinha, 3-4 magonhi enzvimbo yekupisa, 3-4 mikova yenzvimbo yekupisa yekupisa, 2-3 mikova yenzvimbo yekudzivirira, uye 2-3 mikova yekutonhora uye yekudzikisa zvidhinha nzvimbo. Naizvozvo, hovhorosi yeHoffman ine murazvo mumwe chete pamberi inoda magonhi gumi nemasere, uye imwe ine mativi maviri emoto inoda magonhi makumi matatu nematanhatu kana kupfuura. Kuti uvandudze nzvimbo yekushanda uye kudzivisa vashandi kuti vaone kutonhora kwakanyanya kubva pazvidhinha zvakapedzwa, mamwe magonhi mashomanana anowanzowedzerwa, saka imwe chete-moto-mberi Hoffman kiln inowanzovakwa nemasuo 22-24. Musuwo wega wega unosvika 7 metres kureba, nehurefu hwakazara hunosvika 70-80 metres. Iyo mambure emukati upamhi hwechoto inogona kuita 3 metres, 3.3 metres, 3.6 metres, kana 3.8 metres (zvidhinha zvakajairika 240mm kana 250mm pakureba), saka shanduko muhupamhi hwechoto inoverengerwa nekuwedzera kureba kwechitinha chimwe. Kusiyana kwehupamhi hwemukati kunoguma nehuwandu hwakasiyana hwezvidhinha zvakaturikidzana, uye nokudaro zvishoma zvakasiyana zvakabuda. Hoffman kiln imwe-flame-mberi inogona kugadzira zvidhinha zvinosvika mamirioni gumi nemasere kusvika makumi matatu (240x115x53mm) pagore.

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II. Chimiro:

Iyo Hoffman kiln ine zvinotevera zvikamu zvinoenderana nemabasa avo: kiln hwaro, kiln bottom flue, air duct system, combustion system, damper control, sealed honi muviri, kiln insulation, uye yekutarisa / yekutarisa michina. Kamuri yega yega yehovhoni inhengo yakazvimirira uye chikamu chehovhoni yese. Sezvo nzvimbo yemoto inofamba, mabasa avo muchoto anoshanduka (preheating zone, sintering zone, insulation zone, inotonhorera nzvimbo, zvidhinha unloading zone, zvidhinha stacking zone). Kamuri yega yega yehovhoni ine flue yayo, mhepo duct, damper, uye yekutarisa zviteshi (marasha ekudyisa zviteshi) nemagonhi emoto kumusoro.

Working Principle:
Mushure mekunge zvidhinha zvarongedzerwa mukamuri yekubira, zvivhariso zvemapepa zvinofanirwa kunamirwa kuti zvivhare kamuri yega yega. Kana nzvimbo yemoto ichida kufamba, damper yekamuri iyoyo inovhurwa kuti igadzire kudzvanywa kwakashata mukati, iyo inokwevera murazvo wepamberi mukati mekamuri uye inopisa chivharo chepepa. Muzviitiko zvakakosha, hoko yemoto inogona kushandiswa kubvarura chivharo chepepa chekamuri yapfuura. Nguva imwe neimwe iyo nzvimbo yemoto inofamba ichienda kune imwe imba itsva, makamuri anotevera anopinda muchikamu chinotevera mukutevedzana. Kazhinji, kana damper ichangovhurwa, kamuri inopinda mu preheating uye tembiricha-inokwira danho; makamuri 2-3 magonhi kure anopinda padanho repamusoro-tembiricha yekupfura; makamuri 3-4 magonhi kure pinda insulation uye kutonhora nhanho, zvichingodaro. Kamuri yega yega inoramba ichichinja basa rayo, ichigadzira inoenderera cyclic kugadzirwa ine murazvo unofamba pamberi. Kumhanya kwemurazvo wekufamba kunokanganiswa nemhepo, huwandu hwemhepo, uye kukosha kwemafuta calorific. Pamusoro pezvo, inosiyana nezvidhinha zvigadzirwa (4-6 metres paawa yezvidhinha zveshale, 3-5 metres paawa yezvidhinha zvevhu). Naizvozvo, kumhanya kwekupfura uye kubuda kunogona kugadziridzwa nekudzora kudzvanywa kwemhepo uye vhoriyamu kuburikidza nemadampers uye kugadzirisa mafuta ekupa. Hunyoro hwezvidhinha hunokanganisawo kumhanya kwekufamba kwemurazvo: kuderera kwe1% muhunyoro kunogona kuwedzera kumhanya nemaminitsi gumi. Iyo yekuisa chisimbiso uye yekumisa mashandiro echoto inokanganisa zvakananga kushandiswa kwemafuta uye kupera kwezvidhinha kubuda.

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Kiln Design:
Kutanga, zvichibva pane chinobuda chinodiwa, sarudza mambure emukati upamhi hwechoto. Kusiyana kwehupamhi hwemukati hunoda mavhoriyamu emhepo akasiyana. Zvichienderana nemhepo inodiwa uye vhoriyamu, tarisa zvakatemwa uye hukuru hwemhepo inopinda muchoto, flue, dampers, pombi dzemhepo, uye main ducts emhepo, uye kuverenga hupamhi hwese hwechoto. Zvadaro, sarudza mafuta ekupisa zvidhinha-mafuta akasiyana anoda nzira dzakasiyana dzekupisa. Kune gasi rechisikigo, nzvimbo dzezvinopisa dzinofanirwa kunge dzagara dzakachengetedzwa; yemafuta anorema (anoshandiswa mushure mekupisa), nzvimbo dzenozzle dzinofanira kuchengetwa. Kunyange yemarasha nehuni (sawdust, mashizha emupunga, mateko enzungu, uye zvimwe zvinopisa zvine kukosha kwekupisa), nzira dzinosiyana: marasha anopwanyika, saka makomba ekudyisa marasha anogona kuva madiki; kuti zvive nyore kudya kwehuni, maburi anofanira kunge akakura maererano. Mushure mekugadzira zvichibva pane data rechikamu chega chega, gadzira dhizaini yekuvaka honi.

III. Maitiro ekuvaka:

Sarudza nzvimbo yakavakirwa pamifananidzo yekugadzira. Kuti uderedze mari, sarudza nzvimbo ine zvakawanda mbishi zvinhu uye zviri nyore zvekufambisa zvezvidhinha zvakapedzwa. Fekitari yese yezvidhina inofanira kunge yakanangidzirwa pachoto. Mushure mekusarudza nzvimbo yehuni, ita nheyo yekurapa:
① Ongororo yeGeological: Ona kudzika kwemvura yepasi uye kugona kubereka ivhu (inodiwa kuve ≥150kPa). Kune nheyo dzakapfava, shandisa nzira dzekutsiva (rubble foundation, pile foundation, kana compacted 3:7 lime-ivhu).
② Mushure mekurapwa kwehwaro, gadzirai hovhorosi kutanga uye shandisa nzira dzisingapindi mvura uye hunyoro-hunyoro: 抹 a 20mm gobvu revhu risingapindi mvura, wobva waita mushonga wekusapinda mvura.
③ Hwaro hwechoto inoshandisa yakasimbiswa kongiri raft slab, ine φ14 simbi mbariro dzakasungwa mu200mm bidirectional grid. Upamhi hunoenderana nezvinodiwa zvekugadzira, uye ukobvu hunosvika 0.3-0.5 metres.
④ Majoini ekuwedzera: Ronga imwe yekuwedzera yejoint (30mm yakafara) kune yega yega 4-5 makamuri, akazadzwa neasphalted hemp yekuvharisa kusapinda mvura.
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Kiln Body Kuvaka:
① Kugadzirira kwezvinhu: Mushure mekunge hwaro hwapera, enzanisa saiti uye gadzira zvinhu. Zvekubira: Migumo miviri yechoto yeHoffman yakaita semidenderedzwa; zvidhinha zvakakosha-zvidhinha (trapezoidal zvidhinha, zvidhinha zvefan) zvinoshandiswa pamabhendi. Kana mukati memoto wemukati wakavakwa nezvidhinha, ivhu remoto rinodiwa, kunyanya kune arch zvidhinha (T38, T39, inowanzonzi "blade zvidhinha") inoshandiswa pamhepo inlets uye arch top. Gadzirira formwork ye arch kumusoro kumberi.
② Kumisikidza: Pahwaro hwakabatirwa, tara nzvimbo yepakati pechoto kutanga, wobva waona nekumaka micheto yemadziro echoto uye nzvimbo dzegonhi rehovhoni zvichibva pane flue yepasi uye nzvimbo dzekupinda nemhepo. Maka mitsara mitanhatu yakatwasuka yehuni yemuviri uye mitsara yearc yekugumisira inobhenda zvichienderana nehupamhi hwemukati mambure.
③ Masonry: Kutanga kuvaka maflue uye mapindiro emhepo, wobva waisa zvidhinha zvepasi (zvichida kuchinjika majoint masonry nedhaka rakazara, pasina majoini anoenderera, kuve nechokwadi chekuvharira uye kudzivirira kubuda kwemhepo). Iyo inoteedzana ndeye: kuvaka madziro akatwasuka pamwe chete nemitsara yenheyo yakatemwa, ichichinjika kumabhendi, ayo anovakwa ne trapezoidal zvidhinha (kukanganisa kunobvumirwa ≤3mm). Sezvinodiwa nedhizaini, gadzira madziro ekubatanidza ekutsigira pakati pemukati nekunze kwevhani madziro uye uzadze nezvinhu zvekudzivirira. Kana madziro akatwasuka akavakwa kune imwe urefu, isa arch angle zvidhinha (60°-75°) kuti utange kuvaka arch top. Isa iyo arch formwork (inobvumirwa arc kutsauka ≤3mm) uye uvake arch kumusoro symmetrically kubva kumativi ese kusvika pakati. Shandisa arch zvidhinha (T38, T39) kune arch kumusoro; kana zvidhinha zvakajairika zvakashandiswa, ita shuwa yekuvhara 贴合 nefomu. Paunenge uchivaka zvidhinha zvekupedzisira 3-6 zvemhete yega yega, shandisa zvidhinha zvekukiya zvakaita seweji (ukobvu mutsauko 10-15mm) uye uzvirove zvakasimba nesando yerabha. Reserve yekutarisa zviteshi uye marasha ekudyisa zviteshi pane arch kumusoro sezvinodiwa nedhizaini.

IV. Kudzora Hunhu:

a. Verticality: Tarisa ne laser level kana plumb bob; kutsauka kunobvumirwa ≤5mm/m.
b. Flatness: Tarisa ne 2-mita yakatwasuka; kusaenzana kunobvumirwa ≤3mm.
c. Kuisa chisimbiso: Mushure mekunge masonry emoto apera, ita bvunzo dzisina kunaka (-50Pa); chiyero chekuvuza ≤0.5m³/h·m².
Nguva yekutumira: Aug-05-2025