Amakuru - Amabwiriza ya Hoffman Kiln yo Kubumba Amatafari

I. Intangiriro:

Itanura rya Hoffman (rizwi kandi ku izina rya “itanura ry'umuzingi” mu Bushinwa) ryahimbwe n'umudage Friedrich Hoffmann mu 1858. Mbere yo kwinjiza itanura rya Hoffman mu Bushinwa, amatafari y'ibumba yararashwe akoresheje itanura ry'ubutaka rishobora gukora rimwe na rimwe. Aya matanura, ameze nk'urusenda cyangwa imigati ihumeka, bakunze kwita “itanura ryokeje.” Urwobo rw'umuriro rwubatswe munsi y'itanura; mugihe cyo kurasa amatafari, amatafari yumye yashyizwe imbere, hanyuma amaze kurasa, umuriro wafunzwe kugirango ukingwe kandi ukonje mbere yo gufungura umuryango w itanura kugirango ukure amatafari yarangiye. Byatwaye iminsi 8-9 yo gucana igice kimwe cyamatafari mumatara imwe. Bitewe n’umusaruro muke, itanura ryinshi ryakoreshwaga ryahujwe hamwe n’ibicurane bifitanye isano - nyuma y’itanura rimwe, umuriro w’itanura ryegeranye ushobora gufungurwa kugira ngo utangire kurasa. Ubu bwoko bw'itanura bwiswe “itanura ry'ikiyoka” mu Bushinwa. Nubwo itanura ry'ikiyoka ryongereye umusaruro, ntirishobora kugera ku musaruro uhoraho kandi rifite akazi gakomeye. Mu itanura rya Hoffman ni bwo bwagejejwe mu Bushinwa ni bwo ikibazo cyo gukomeza kubumba amatafari y’ibumba cyakemutse, kandi aho imirimo yo kubumba amatafari yariyongereye.

Itanura rya Hoffman rifite urukiramende mu buryo, hamwe n'umuyoboro munini w'ikirere hamwe na dampers hagati; imyanya yumuriro igenda ihindurwa no kugenzura dampers. Igice cyimbere kigizwe nuruziga ruzengurutse ibyumba byamatanura, kandi inzugi zamatara nyinshi zarafunguwe kurukuta rwinyuma kugirango byoroshye gupakurura no gupakurura amatafari. Urukuta rwo hanze rufite ibice bibiri hamwe nibikoresho byo kuzuza byuzuye hagati. Iyo witegura gucana amatafari, amatafari yumye ashyirwa mubice by'itanura, kandi hubatswe ibyobo byo gutwika. Ignition ikorwa nibikoresho byaka; nyuma yo gutwikwa neza, dampers zirakoreshwa kugirango ziyobore umuriro wumuriro. Amatafari ashyizwe mu bice by'itanura ajugunywa mu bicuruzwa byarangiye ku bushyuhe bwa 800-1000 ° C. Kugirango ukomeze kurasa hamwe numuriro umwe imbere, hagomba kubaho inzugi 2-3 zahantu hateganijwe kubumba amatafari, inzugi 3-4 zagace gashyuha, inzugi 3-4 zagace k’ubushyuhe bwo hejuru, inzugi 2-3 zagace ka insulasiyo, ninzugi 2-3 zo gukonjesha amatafari. Kubwibyo, itanura rya Hoffman rifite imbere yumuriro risaba byibuze inzugi 18, naho imwe ifite impande ebyiri zumuriro zisaba inzugi 36 cyangwa zirenga. Kugirango utezimbere aho ukorera kandi wirinde abakozi guhura nubushyuhe bukabije buturutse ku matafari yarangiye, ubundi inzugi nkeya zongerwaho, bityo itanura rimwe-ryaka-imbere rya Hoffman ryubakwa akenshi rifite inzugi 22-24. Buri rugi rufite uburebure bwa metero 7, hamwe n'uburebure bwa metero 70-80. Ubugari bwimbere bw itanura bushobora kuba metero 3, metero 3.3, metero 3,6, cyangwa metero 3.8 (amatafari asanzwe ni 240mm cyangwa 250mm z'uburebure), bityo impinduka mubugari bw itanura zibarwa mukongera uburebure bwamatafari imwe. Ubugari bwimbere butandukanye bivamo imibare itandukanye yamatafari yegeranye, bityo ibisubizo bitandukanye gato. Itanura rimwe-imbere-itanura rya Hoffman rishobora gutanga amatafari asanzwe agera kuri miliyoni 18-30 (240x115x53mm) buri mwaka.

II. Imiterere:

Itanura rya Hoffman rigizwe nibice bikurikira bishingiye kumikorere yabyo: umusingi w itanura, itanura ryumuriro, sisitemu yo mu kirere, sisitemu yo gutwika, kugenzura ibyuka, umubiri w’itanura rifunze, kubika itanura, hamwe nibikoresho byo gukurikirana / gukurikirana. Buri cyumba cy'itanura nigice cyigenga nigice cyitanura ryose. Mugihe ikibanza cyumuriro kigenda, uruhare rwabo muguhindura itanura (agace gashyushya, akarere ka sinter, akarere kegeranye, akarere gakonjesha, agace kapakurura amatafari, agace kegeranye amatafari). Buri cyumba cy'itanura gifite imiyoboro yacyo, umuyoboro w’ikirere, icyuma cyangiza, hamwe n’ibyambu byo kureba (ibyambu bigaburira amakara) n'inzugi z'itanura hejuru.

Ihame ry'akazi:
Amatafari amaze gushyirwa mu cyumba cy'itanura, inzitizi zimpapuro zigomba gushyirwaho kugirango zifunge icyumba cyihariye. Iyo ikibanza cyumuriro gikeneye kwimuka, damper yiyo chambre irakingurwa kugirango itere umuvuduko mubi imbere, ikurura urumuri imbere mucyumba igatwika inzitizi yimpapuro. Mubihe bidasanzwe, icyuma cyumuriro kirashobora gukoreshwa mugusenya impapuro za chambre yabanjirije. Igihe cyose umwanya wumuriro wimukiye mucyumba gishya, ibyumba bikurikira byinjira murwego rukurikiraho. Mubisanzwe, iyo damper imaze gukingurwa, urugereko rwinjira mubushuhe n'ubushyuhe buzamuka; ibyumba imiryango 2-3 kure yinjira murwego rwo hejuru rwo kurasa; ibyumba inzugi 3-4 ziri kure yinjira mubyiciro no gukonjesha, nibindi. Buri cyumba gihora gihindura uruhare rwacyo, kigakora umusaruro wikurikiranya hamwe numuriro ugenda imbere. Umuvuduko wurugendo rwa flame uterwa numuvuduko wumwuka, ubwinshi bwikirere, nigiciro cya lisansi. Byongeye kandi, biratandukana nibikoresho fatizo byamatafari (metero 4-6 kumasaha kubumba amatafari ya shale, metero 3-5 kumasaha kubumba amatafari). Kubwibyo, umuvuduko wo kurasa nibisohoka birashobora guhinduka mugucunga umuvuduko wumwuka nubunini ukoresheje dampers no guhindura itangwa rya lisansi. Ubushuhe bwamatafari nabwo bugira ingaruka ku buryo butaziguye umuvuduko w’urugendo rwa flame: igabanuka rya 1% ryubushuhe burashobora kongera umuvuduko nkiminota 10. Gufunga no gukingura itanura bigira ingaruka kumikoreshereze ya lisansi no gusohora amatafari yarangiye.

Igishushanyo mbonera:
Ubwa mbere, ukurikije ibisohoka bisabwa, menya net imbere y'ubugari bw'itanura. Ubugari butandukanye bwimbere busaba amajwi atandukanye. Ukurikije umuvuduko ukenewe hamwe nubunini busabwa, menya ibisobanuro nubunini bwikibanza cy’itanura ryinjira mu kirere, flues, dampers, imiyoboro y’ikirere, hamwe n’imiyoboro nyamukuru y’ikirere, hanyuma ubare ubugari bwuzuye bw’itanura. Noneho, menya lisansi yo gucana amatafari - ibicanwa bitandukanye bisaba uburyo butandukanye bwo gutwika. Kuri gaze gasanzwe, imyanya yo gutwika igomba kubikwa mbere; kumavuta aremereye (akoreshwa nyuma yo gushyushya), imyanya ya nozzle igomba kubikwa. Ndetse no ku makara n'ibiti (ibiti, umuceri, ibishishwa by'ibishyimbo, n'ibindi bikoresho bishobora gutwikwa bifite agaciro k'ubushyuhe), uburyo buratandukanye: amakara arajanjagurwa, bityo imyobo yo kugaburira amakara irashobora kuba nto; kugaburira ibiti byoroshye, umwobo ugomba kuba munini ukurikije. Nyuma yo gushushanya ukurikije amakuru ya buri kintu cyaka, wubake ibishushanyo mbonera.

III. Inzira yo Kubaka:

Hitamo urubuga rushingiye ku gishushanyo mbonera. Kugabanya ibiciro, hitamo ahantu hamwe nibikoresho fatizo byinshi kandi byoroshye gutwara amatafari yarangiye. Uruganda rwose rw'amatafari rugomba kuba rwibanze ku itanura. Nyuma yo kumenya itanura, kora ubuvuzi shingiro:
Survey Ubushakashatsi bwa geologiya: Menya ubujyakuzimu bw'amazi yo mu butaka n'ubushobozi bwo gutwara ubutaka (bisabwa kuba 50150kPa). Kubishingwe byoroshye, koresha uburyo bwo gusimbuza (umusingi wamabuye, urufatiro rwikirundo, cyangwa ubutaka bwa 3: 7 bwubutaka).
② Nyuma yo kuvura urufatiro, banza wubake itanura hanyuma ushyireho ingamba zidakoresha amazi n’amazi:
Foundation Urufatiro rw'itanura rukoresha icyuma gishimangira icyuma, gifite ibyuma 14 by'ibyuma bihambiriye mu cyerekezo cya 200mm. Ubugari ni nkibishushanyo mbonera bisabwa, kandi ubunini bugera kuri metero 0.3-0.5.
Ants Kwagura ingingo: Tegura umugozi umwe wo kwaguka (30mm z'ubugari) kuri buri byumba 4-5, byuzuyemo ikivuguto cya asifalti cyo gufunga amazi.

Kubaka umubiri:
Preparation Gutegura ibikoresho: Urufatiro rumaze kurangira, kuringaniza urubuga no gutegura ibikoresho. Ibikoresho by'itanura: Impera zombi z'itanura rya Hoffman ni izenguruka; amatafari yihariye-amatafari (amatafari ya trapezoidal, amatafari ameze nkabafana) akoreshwa mugunama. Niba umubiri w'itanura w'imbere wubatswe n'amashanyarazi, harasabwa ibumba ry'umuriro, cyane cyane ku matafari ya kera (T38, T39, bakunze kwita “amatafari y'icyuma”) akoreshwa mu kirere no hejuru. Tegura impapuro zabugenewe hejuru.
Guhaguruka: Ku rufatiro ruvuwe, shyira akamenyetso ku itara hagati, hanyuma umenye kandi ushire akamenyetso ku nkuta z'itanura hamwe n'inzugi z'umuryango zishingiye ku miyoboro yo munsi y'ubutaka no mu kirere. Shyira kumurongo itandatu igororotse kumatanura yumubiri hamwe nimirongo ya arc kumpera yunamye ukurikije ubugari bwimbere.
③ Masonry: Banza wubake flux hamwe nu mwuka wo mu kirere, hanyuma ushyire amatafari yo hepfo (bisaba ubudodo bufatanije hamwe na minisiteri yuzuye, nta ngingo ihoraho, kugirango ushireho ikimenyetso kandi wirinde ko umwuka uva). Urukurikirane ni: kubaka inkuta zigororotse kumurongo wibanze washyizweho, kwimukira kumurongo, wubatswe namatafari ya trapezoidal (ikosa ryemewe ≤3mm). Nkuko bisabwa mubishushanyo mbonera, wubake urukuta ruhuza inkuta zimbere ninyuma hanyuma wuzuze ibikoresho byo kubika. Iyo inkuta zigororotse zubatswe ku burebure runaka, shyira amatafari y'inguni (60 ° -75 °) kugirango utangire kubaka hejuru. Shira impapuro zometseho (zemerewe gutandukana ≤3mm) hanyuma wubake hejuru yububiko hejuru uhereye kumpande zombi kugera hagati. Koresha amatafari ya arch (T38, T39) hejuru yububiko; niba amatafari asanzwe akoreshwa, menya hafi 贴合 hamwe nakazi. Mugihe wubaka amatafari 3-6 yanyuma ya buri mpeta, koresha amatafari yo gufunga amatafari (itandukaniro ryuburebure bwa 10-15mm) hanyuma uyomekeshe inyundo ukoresheje inyundo. Icyambu cyo kurebera hamwe nicyambu cyo kugaburira amakara hejuru yububiko nkuko bisabwa.

IV. Kugenzura ubuziranenge:

a. Uhagaritse: Reba nurwego rwa laser cyangwa plumb bob; gutandukana gutandukana ≤5mm / m.
b. Uburinganire: Reba hamwe na metero 2 igororotse; byemewe kutareshya ≤3mm.
c. Gufunga: Nyuma yo gutanura itanura, kora ikizamini kibi (-50Pa); igipimo cyo kumeneka ≤0.5m³ / h · m².

Igihe cyo kohereza: Kanama-05-2025