Ubwoko bw'itanura ryemewe cyane mubikorwa byo kubumba amatafari muri iki gihe ni itanura. Igitekerezo cya toni ya tunnel cyatanzwe bwa mbere kandi cyabanje gukorwa nabafaransa, nubwo kitigeze cyubakwa. Itanura rya mbere rya tunnel ryagenewe cyane cyane kubumba amatafari ryakozwe na injeniyeri w’Ubudage 2-igitabo mu 1877, na we watanze ipatanti. Hamwe no gukwirakwiza itanura rya tunnel, hagaragaye udushya twinshi. Ukurikije ubugari bwimbere bwimbere, bashyizwe mubice bito (metero .82.8), igice cyo hagati (metero 3-4), nigice kinini (metero 4,6). Ubwoko bw'itanura, burimo ubwoko bwa micro-dome, ubwoko bwa plafond igororotse, n'ubwoko bugenda bugenda. Ukoresheje uburyo bwo gukora, barimo itanura rya roller n'amatanura. Amashanyarazi. Ukurikije ubwoko bwa lisansi yakoreshejwe: hari abakoresha amakara nka lisansi (ikunze kugaragara cyane), abakoresha gaze cyangwa gaze gasanzwe (ikoreshwa mu kurasa amatafari adasubirana amatafari n'amatafari yo mu rukuta rusanzwe, cyane cyane ku matafari yo mu rwego rwo hejuru), abakoresha amavuta aremereye cyangwa amasoko y'ingufu zivanze, hamwe n'abakoresha amavuta ya biomass, n'ibindi. Muri make: itanura ryo mu bwoko bwa tunnel rikora mu bice bitandukanye, bikonjesha ibice, bigahita bikurikirana, bikagabanya ibice, bigashyira mu cyerekezo, bikagabanuka, ni itanura.
Amatanura ya tunnel akoreshwa cyane nk'itanura ryubushyuhe bwo gutwika amatafari yo kubaka, amatafari yangiritse, amatafari yubutaka, nubutaka. Mu myaka yashize, itanura rya tunnel naryo ryakoreshejwe mu kuzimya ibikoresho byoza amazi nibikoresho fatizo bya batiri ya lithium. Amatara ya tunnel afite uburyo bwinshi bwo gusaba kandi akaza muburyo bwinshi, buri kimwe gifite imiterere yacyo. Uyu munsi, tuzibanda ku itanura ryambukiranya itara ryakoreshejwe mu gucana amatafari yo kubaka.
1. Ihame: Nka itanura rishyushye, itanura rya tunnel risanzwe risaba isoko yubushyuhe. Ibikoresho byose bishobora gutwikwa bishobora kubyara ubushyuhe birashobora gukoreshwa nkibicanwa kumatara ya toni (ibicanwa bitandukanye bishobora kuvamo itandukaniro mubwubatsi bwaho). Ibicanwa byaka mu cyumba cyaka imbere mu itanura, bitanga gaze yo mu kirere. Bitewe nabafana, gazi yubushyuhe bwo hejuru iragenda yerekeza muburyo butandukanye nibicuruzwa birasa. Ubushyuhe bwimurirwa mumatafari yimodoka kumatanura, agenda gahoro gahoro mumihanda yinjira mumatanura. Amatafari kumodoka yitanura nayo akomeje gushyuha. Igice mbere yicyumba cyo gutwika ni agace gashyuha (hafi mbere yimodoka ya cumi). Amatafari yubakishijwe amatafari arashyuha gahoro gahoro ashyushye muri zone yubushyuhe, akuraho ubushuhe nibintu kama. Mugihe imodoka y itanura yinjiye mukarere ka sinteri, amatafari agera kubushyuhe ntarengwa bwo kurasa (850 ° C kubumba amatafari na 1050 ° C kumatafari ya shale) ukoresheje ubushyuhe buturuka kumuriro wa peteroli, bigenda bihinduka kumubiri na chimique kugirango habeho imiterere yuzuye. Iki gice nigice cyo kurasa (na zone yubushyuhe bwo hejuru) bw itanura, ikazenguruka imyanya ya 12 kugeza 22. Nyuma yo kunyura mu muriro, amatafari ahura nigihe runaka cyo gukumira mbere yo kwinjira muri zone ikonje. Muri zone ikonjesha, ibicuruzwa byafashwe bihura numwuka mwinshi ukonje winjira mumatara, buhoro buhoro bikonja mbere yo kuva mu itanura, bityo bikarangira inzira yose yo kurasa.
II. Ubwubatsi: Amatanura ya tunnel ni itanura ryubushyuhe. Bafite ubushyuhe bugari hamwe nibisabwa murwego rwo hejuru kumatanura. (1) Gutegura umusingi: Kuraho imyanda iva mubwubatsi no kwemeza ibikorwa bitatu nubuso bumwe. Menya neza ko amazi, amashanyarazi, hamwe n'ubutaka buringaniye. Umusozi ugomba kuba wujuje ibyangombwa bisabwa. Urufatiro rugomba kugira ubushobozi bwo gutwara 150 kN / m². Niba uhuye nubutaka bworoshye, koresha uburyo bwo gusimbuza (ibuye ryubakishijwe amabuye cyangwa ivangwa nubutaka buvanze). Nyuma yo kuvura umwobo wa fondasiyo, koresha beto ishimangiwe nkibishingwe. Urufatiro rukomeye rutanga ubushobozi bwo gutwara no gutanura itanura. . Urukuta rwo hanze rushobora gukoresha amatafari asanzwe, hamwe no kuvura insulente hagati yamatafari (ukoresheje ubwoya bwamabuye, ibiringiti bya aluminium silicike, nibindi) kugirango ugabanye ubushyuhe. Uburebure bwurukuta rwimbere ni mm 500, naho ubugari bwurukuta rwinyuma ni mm 370. Kwagura ingingo bigomba gusigara ukurikije ibisabwa. Ububaji bugomba kugira ingingo zuzuye za minisiteri, hamwe n'amatafari yangiritse ashyizwe mubice bitangaje (ingingo ya minisiteri ≤ 3 mm) n'amatafari asanzwe afite aho ahurira na mm 8-10. Ibikoresho byo kubika bigomba gukwirakwizwa neza, bipakiye byuzuye, kandi bifunze kugirango birinde amazi. . Igice cyihanganira ubushuhe kigomba kuba gifite ubushobozi buhagije bwo gutwara imizigo hamwe nubushyuhe bwumuriro, nkuko imodoka y itanura igenda. Mu itanura rya tunnel ifite ubugari bwa metero 3.6, buri modoka irashobora gutwara amatafari atose agera ku 6.000. Harimo ibinyabiziga by'itanura-uburemere bwabyo, umutwaro wose ni hafi toni 20, kandi itanura ryose rigomba kwihanganira uburemere bwimodoka imwe ya toni zirenga 600. Kubwibyo, gushyira inzira ntigomba gukorwa uburangare. (4) Igisenge cy'itanura mubusanzwe gifite ubwoko bubiri: bwubatswe gato kandi buringaniye. Igisenge cyubatswe nuburyo bwa gakondo bwububiko, mugihe igisenge kiringaniye gikoresha ibikoresho byangiritse cyangwa amatafari yoroheje yoroheje kubisenge. Muri iki gihe, benshi bakoresha silicon aluminium fibre yo hejuru. Hatitawe ku bikoresho byakoreshejwe, bigomba kwemeza ubushyuhe bwo kugabanya no gufunga, kandi ibyobo byo kwitegereza bigomba gushyirwaho ahantu hakurikijwe ibisabwa. Kugaburira amakara, imyobo yo mu kirere, nibindi (5) Sisitemu yo gutwika: a. Amatanura ya tunnel yaka inkwi namakara ntabwo afite ibyumba byo gutwika muri zone yubushyuhe bwo hejuru bw itanura, ryubatswe hifashishijwe amatafari yangiritse, kandi rifite ibyambu bigaburira lisansi nibyambu bisohora ivu. b. Hamwe nogutezimbere tekinoroji yamatafari yimbere, ibyumba byo gutwika bitagikenewe, kuko amatafari agumana ubushyuhe. niba ubushyuhe budahagije buhari, lisansi yinyongera irashobora kongerwaho binyuze mumyobo igaburira amakara hejuru yinzu. c. Amatanura yaka gaze karemano, gaze yamakara, gaze ya peteroli ya lisansi, nibindi, bifite ibyuma byotsa kumatara cyangwa hejuru yinzu (bitewe nubwoko bwa lisansi), hamwe nibyotsa byatanzwe muburyo bumwe kandi bumwe kugirango byoroherezwe kugenzura ubushyuhe mumatara. (6) Sisitemu yo guhumeka: a. Abafana: harimo abafana batanga, abafana bananiwe, abafana ba dehumidification, hamwe nabafana baringaniza. Abakunzi bakonje. Buri mufana aherereye mumwanya utandukanye kandi akora umurimo utandukanye. Umufana utanga isoko yinjiza umwuka mubyumba byaka kugirango bitange ogisijene ihagije yo gutwikwa, umuyaga usohora imyuka ikuramo imyuka iva mu itanura kugirango igumane umuvuduko mubi imbere mu itanura kandi itume imyuka ya gazi itemba neza, kandi umuyaga wa dehumidification ukuraho umwuka wuzuye mubitereko byamatafari bitose hanze y itanura. b. Imiyoboro yo mu kirere: Ibi bigabanijwemo imiyoboro y'amazi n'umuyoboro. Imiyoboro y'amazi ikuraho cyane imyuka ya flue n'umwuka utose mu itanura. Imiyoboro yo mu kirere iraboneka muburyo bwa masonry na pipe kandi ishinzwe gutanga ogisijeni mukarere kaka. c. Ibyuka bihumeka: Bishyizwe kumiyoboro yumwuka, bikoreshwa mugutunganya umwuka wumuvuduko nigitutu cy itanura. Muguhindura ubunini bwo gufungura ibyuka bihumeka, gukwirakwiza ubushyuhe hamwe numuriro wumuriro imbere mu itanura birashobora kugenzurwa. (7) Sisitemu ikora: a. Imodoka ya kiln: Imodoka y itanura ifite itanura ryimuka hepfo hamwe nuburyo busa na tunnel. Amatafari yubakishijwe amatafari agenda buhoro ku modoka y itanura, anyura muri preheating, zone sintering, zone Insulation, zone ikonje. Imodoka y'itanura ikozwe mubyuma, hamwe nubunini bugenwa nubugari bwa net imbere mu itanura, kandi byemeza ko bifunze. b. Imodoka yohereza: Ku munwa w'itanura, imodoka yohereza yimura imodoka y'itanura. Imodoka y'itanura noneho yoherezwa mububiko, hanyuma ikumirwa, hanyuma amaherezo ikoherezwa, hamwe nibicuruzwa byarangiye bikajyanwa aho bapakurura. c. Ibikoresho bikurura bikurura imashini zikurura, imashini zitera hydraulic, imashini zintambwe, hamwe nimashini zikurura itanura. Binyuze mu bikoresho bitandukanye ahantu hatandukanye, imodoka y itanura ikururwa munzira kugirango yimuke, igera kumurongo wibikorwa nko kubika amatafari, kumisha, gucumura, gupakurura, no gupakira. . Ibimenyetso by'ubushyuhe byoherezwa mu cyumba cyo kugenzura, aho abashoramari bahindura ingano yo gufata ikirere hamwe n'agaciro ko gutwika hashingiwe ku makuru y'ubushyuhe. Igenzura ryumuvuduko ririmo gushiraho ibyuma byerekana ingufu kumatara, umurizo w’itanura, hamwe n’ahantu hakomeye mu itanura kugira ngo ukurikirane impinduka z’umuvuduko w’itanura mu gihe nyacyo. Muguhindura ibyuka bihumeka muri sisitemu yo guhumeka, umuvuduko w'itanura ukomeza kurwego ruhamye.
III. Igikorwa: Nyuma yumubiri nyamukuru wumuriro wa tunnel nawo配套ibikoresho byashizweho, igihe kirageze cyo kwitegura ibikorwa byo gutwika no gukoresha bisanzwe. Gukoresha itanura rya tunnel ntabwo byoroshye nko guhindura itara cyangwa guhinduranya icyerekezo; gutsinda neza itanura rya tunnel bisaba ubuhanga bwa siyanse. Kugenzura gukomeye, guhererekanya uburambe, no guhuza ibintu byinshi byose ni ngombwa. Uburyo burambuye bwo gukora nigisubizo cyibibazo bishobora kuvuka bizaganirwaho nyuma. Kugeza ubu, reka tumenye muri make uburyo bukoreshwa nuburyo bukoreshwa mu itanura rya tunnel: "Ubugenzuzi: Banza, genzura umubiri w’itanura aho wavunitse. Reba niba kashe yo kwaguka ifatanye. Shyira imodoka nkeya zikozwe mu itanura ryikubye inshuro nke kugirango urebe niba inzira, imashini yimodoka yo hejuru, imodoka yohereza, nibindi bikoresho bitwara bikora neza kugirango ubanze utwike neza. ukurikije ubwoko bwa lisansi yakoreshejwe. Ariko, intego irahoraho: gukuraho buhoro buhoro imiterere yubatse mu gihe cyo kubaka, ikumira ubushyuhe butunguranye no guturika kumatanura a. iminsi. c. inkwi, amakara, nibindi bikoresho byaka umuriro ku gare. Mbere, shyira umufana kugirango utere igitutu kibi imbere mu itanura. Koresha inkoni itangira umuriro. Koresha inkwi hamwe n’amakara, hanyuma buhoro buhoro wongere ubushyuhe uhinduranya ubushyuhe bwamatafari bugenda bugera kuri firime Imodoka y'itanura n'amatanura imbere kugirango yuzuze. Ubushyuhe bw'itanura rishya ryakongejwe rigomba gukurikiranwa igihe cyose kugirango harebwe ko inzira yo kurasa irangiye ukurikije umurongo uteganijwe w'ubushyuhe: ibikorwa, ibyo bipimo byahinduwe kandi binonosorwa kugirango harebwe ubuziranenge bwibicuruzwa byarangiye. Mugihe gikora: Gukoresha itanura rya tunnel, ubushyuhe, imikazo, hamwe nibipimo bya gaze ya flux kuri buri kazi bigomba gukurikiranwa buhoro buhoro koresha igishushanyo mbonera cyo kugarura imyanda (kuzigama ingufu no kugabanya ibyuka bihumanya) kugirango wohereze ingufu zumuriro mukumisha amatafari Byongeye kandi, imodoka y itanura igomba gutezwa imbere kimwe ukurikije ibisabwa kugirango igishushanyo mbonera cy’ibicuruzwa, umuvuduko w’ikirere hamwe n’umwuka w’ikirere bigomba guhindurwa hashingiwe ku gipimo cy’ubushyuhe gihamye (kanda kuntara ya 10) igera ku itanura risohoka, amatafari yarangije kurasa no gukonjesha ubushyuhe bukwiye Imodoka y itanura itwaye amatafari yarangiye noneho irashobora kujyanwa ahantu hapakururwa hakoreshejwe ibikoresho, igenzurwa, kandi ikapakururwa kugirango irangize itanura ryamatafari hanyuma igasubira mumasaka akurikira.
Kuva yatangira kuvumburwa, itanura ryubakishijwe amatafari ryakozwe mu buryo butandukanye ndetse no guhanga udushya mu ikoranabuhanga, buhoro buhoro ritezimbere ibipimo byo kurengera ibidukikije ndetse n’urwego rwikora. Mu bihe biri imbere, ubwenge, ibidukikije byangiza ibidukikije, hamwe no gutunganya umutungo biziganje mu cyerekezo cy’ikoranabuhanga, bitume inganda z’amatafari n’amabati zigana ku nganda zo mu rwego rwo hejuru.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Jun-12-2025